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This literature review covers the effects of spilled oil (crude & refined) and offshore petroleum development applicable to Canadian cold-water ocean species, ecosystems, and resources. The review begins with generalizations concerning spilled oil impact and then focusses on marine ecosystems & organism groups relevant to the cold ocean waters of Canada's distinct National Marine Conservation Areas Natural Regions. Topics covered include the conditions affecting oil impacts, the role of biology in spill preparedness & response, the effect of cold climates & sea ice on oil spill behaviour, oil effects on habitat, sublethal effects of oil, biodegradation of oil, and effects of oil spills on marine plants & associated communities, wetlands, invertebrates, fish, fisheries, sea birds, marine mammals, and cultural resources.
An indexing, abstracting and document delivery service that covers current Canadian report literature of reference value from government and institutional sources.
Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, and land-based sources. Public attention to oil spills has forced improvements. Still, a considerable amount of oil is discharged yearly into sensitive coastal environments. Oil in the Sea provides the best available estimate of oil pollutant discharge into marine waters, including an evaluation of the methods for assessing petroleum load and a discussion about the concerns these loads represent. Featuring close-up looks at the Exxon Valdez spill and other notable events, the book identifies important research questions and makes recommendations for better analysis ofâ€"and more effective measures againstâ€"pollutant discharge. The book discusses: Inputâ€"where the discharges come from, including the role of two-stroke engines used on recreational craft. Behavior or fateâ€"how oil is affected by processes such as evaporation as it moves through the marine environment. Effectsâ€"what we know about the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms and ecosystems. Providing a needed update on a problem of international importance, this book will be of interest to energy policy makers, industry officials and managers, engineers and researchers, and advocates for the marine environment.
On 23 December 1988, the oil barge Nestucca was damaged off Gray's Harbour, Washington and began leaking, spilling about 875,000 litres of Bunker C oil that drifted northwards, leading to widespread oiling of beaches along the coasts of Washington and Vancouver Island and the heavy mortality of seabirds. This report documents the impact of the Nestucca spill on seabirds based on the data collected from British Columbia. The report documented the numbers, types, degree of oiling, and state of decomposition of the birds recovered on Vancouver Island; compared the species composition of the oiled birds with that of offshore and inshore populations wintering off southwest Vancouver Island; estimated the total number of oiled birds to land on Vancouver Island, taking into account the large numbers of carcasses not tallied; estimated the total at-sea mortality represented by the birds recovered on Vancouver Island, taking into account the losses of carcasses at sea; compared the Nestucca victims with normal seabird mortality off Vancouver Island; and assessed the impact of the spill on predatory and scavenging birds on Vancouver Island.