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Rock masses are initially stressed in their current in situ state of stress and to a lesser natural state. Whether one is interested in the extent on the monitoring of stress change. formation of geological structures (folds, faults, The subject of paleostresses is only briefly intrusions, etc. ), the stability of artificial struc discussed. tures (tunnels, caverns, mines, surface excava The last 30 years have seen a major advance our knowledge and understanding of rock tions, etc. ), or the stability of boreholes, a in the in situ or virgin stress field, stress. A large body of data is now available on knowledge of along with other rock mass properties, is the state of stress in the near surface of the needed in order to predict the response of rock Earth's crust (upper 3-4km of the crust). masses to the disturbance associated with those Various theories have been proposed regarding structures. Stress in rock is usually described the origin of in situ stresses and how gravity, within the context of continuum mechanics. It is tectonics, erosion, lateral straining, rock fabric, defined at a point and is represented by a glaciation and deglaciation, topography, curva second-order Cartesian tensor with six compo ture of the Earth and other active geological nents. Because of its definition, rock stress is an features and processes contribute to the current enigmatic and fictitious quantity creating chal in situ stress field.
Understanding in-situ rock stress is important in the exploration and engineering involving rock masses for mining, hydropower, tunneling, oil and gas production, and stone quarrying. Traditional methods of determining these stresses have not developed substantially to keep pace with the increasing utilization of rock masses. Contributed by a group of leading experts, this book addresses new developments in numerical modeling and advanced measuring techniques. In-Situ Rock Stress: Measurement, Interpretation and Application reflect the development in this field, covering measuring techniques, interpretation methods, and application of the in-situ stress in engineering practice. Estimate of the in-situ rock stress state can be realized by direct or indirect methods. Although the indirect method has developed rapidly in recent years, the direct field measurement is still by far dominating. Great improvements have been achieved with the 'traditional' field tests by overcoring and hydraulic fracturing, whilst the recently developed methods become matured. In addition, ideas of new methods and new instruments will make the stress estimate easier, less expensive and more reliable.
Accompanying CD-ROM includes conference proceedings.
Stress Field of the Earth’s Crust is based on lecture notes prepared for a course offered to graduate students in the Earth sciences and engineering at University of Potsdam. In my opinion, it will undoubtedly also become a standard reference book on the desk of most scientists working with rocks, such as geophysicists, structural geologists, rock mechanics experts, as well as geotechnical and petroleum en- neers. That is because this book is concerned with what is probably the most pe- liar characteristic of rock – its initial stress condition. Rock is always under a natural state of stress, primarily a result of the gravitational and tectonic forces to which it is subjected. Crustal stresses can vary regionally and locally and can reach in places considerable magnitudes, leading to natural or man-made mechanical failure. P- existing stress distinguishes rock from most other materials and is at the core of the discipline of “Rock Mechanics”, which has been developed over the last century. Knowledge of rock stress is fundamental to understanding faulting mechanisms and earthquake triggering, to designing stable underground caverns and prod- tive oil fields, and to improving mining methods and geothermal energy extraction, among others. Several books have been written on the subject, but none has atte- ted to be as all-encompassing as the one by Zang and Stephansson.
Petroleum Rock Mechanics: Drilling Operations and Well Design, Second Edition, keeps petroleum and drilling engineers centrally focused on the basic fundamentals surrounding geomechanics, while also keeping them up-to-speed on the latest issues and practical problems. Updated with new chapters on operations surrounding shale oil, shale gas, and hydraulic fracturing, and with new sections on in-situ stress, drilling design of optimal mud weight, and wellbore instability analysis, this book is an ideal resource. By creating a link between theory with practical problems, this updated edition continues to provide the most recent research and fundamentals critical to today’s drilling operations. Helps readers grasp the techniques needed to analyze and solve drilling challenges, in particular wellbore instability analysis Teaches rock mechanic fundamentals and presents new concepts surrounding sand production and hydraulic fracturing operations Includes new case studies and sample problems to practice
Rock mechanics is a first course in the field of mining and geotechnical engineering. Over the last decades, the concepts and applications of rock mechanics have evolved tremendously for understanding the stability and safety of structures made of/on the rock masses. This book elaborates the fundamental concepts of rock mechanics for designing and analysis of structures and excavations for a variety of applications. The text includes a fine blend of theory and worked-out examples and applications, and also emphasises the basics of stress and strain analysis, volume–weight relationship, rock mass classification systems, in situ stress measurements, stresses around underground opening, pillar and support design, subsidence, slope stability, rock failure criteria and behaviour of jointed rock mass. Numerical analysis procedures and interaction between rock bolts and rock masses are also introduced emphasising the mechanics and applications in rock engineering. Besides undergraduate and postgraduate students of civil (including geotechnical), mining and petroleum engineering, the book will also benefit the practicing engineers and researchers, who wish to acquaint themselves with state-of-the-art techniques of rock mechanics and its applications. Overall, this textbook is useful for both elementary as well as advanced learning.
The evaluation of in-situ rock stress is not only important in the exploration and engineering involving rock masses for mining, hydropower, tunneling, oil and gas production, and stone quarrying, but also in the geodynamics and earthquake prediction. The methods of determining these stresses for shallow crust in the engineering practice, including