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Against the background of a projected doubling of world greenhouse gas emissions by mid-century, this book explores feasible ways to abate them at least cost.
Climate change poses important challenges to research and policy. Within three decades, an issue that was initially confined to the attention of a few scientists became the topic of large-scale research programmes, national and European policies and an international Convention. While significant uncertainties remain on the timing and scale of the changes to be expected and of their impacts, an appreci ation emerged of the high ecological, economic, political and social stakes involved and lead to governmental, business and citizens' initiatives. After focusing on the understanding of climate processes and the possible impacts of climate change on ecosystems, European research - and international research more generally - started addressing also the social, economic and policy causes of and responses to climate change. In the meantime, local, national and European measures started being developed to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions, a European target was agreed to achieve the stabilization of carbon dioxide by 2000 at the levels of 1990, the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) was adopted and was followed by its Kyoto Protocol.
The causes and effects of climate change are just as varied as the proposed solutions and approaches for dealing with the problem. Given the global character of climate change, comprehensive global cooperation is called for that leads to effective and appropriate international action in accordance with the respective responsibilities. These will inevitably differ depending on the capabilities and the social and economic situations of the respective actors. The contributions in this book present a variety of ideas, approaches and tools regarding the adaptation to climate change in specific countries and regions. In addition to examining (existing) legal instruments, they also focus on the implementation of economic instruments and planning tools, as well as their (further) development. Rather than simply discussing strategies to counteract climate change by reducing emissions, the authors also search for ways of actively adapting to climate change.
'This book provides an essential guide to the challenges facing the power sector, but is equally enlightening to other industrial emitters, policy-makers and non-governmental organizations.' Charles Nicholson, Group Senior Advisor, BP The electricity industry is one of the main contributors of carbon to the atmosphere. Reducing these emissions is critical to achieving international targets and mitigating climate change. Economic instruments, including emissions trading, taxes and voluntary agreements, will be crucial. However, across Europe there are widely different electricity systems and policies will have different effects. This book describes the characteristics of the main European electricity regimes, defining the range of instruments available and assessing the potential of each in each regime and for Europe as a whole.
"Asia, where most of the countries do not currently have emission reduction obligations, is an important region to address climate change issues because of its large GHG emissions. The total emissions of eight key Asian countries (Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand, and India) represent 44% of the world emissions. Thus, regimes in these countries addressing climate change, if successful, would make significant progress towards climate mitigation. Recently, economic instruments, particularly carbon tax and emissions trading scheme (ETS), have attracted the most attention to combat climate change because of their cost efficiency to reduce emissions. This book presents the recent development of economic instruments in eight representative Asian countries. Each chapter shows the legal design of each economic instrument. Furthermore, the effect of the instruments, and the challenges to and improvement of the instruments are also described." -- Page four of cover.
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of this century. Mitigation requires a large-scale transition to a low-carbon economy. This paper provides an overview of the rapidly growing literature on the role of macroeconomic and financial policy tools in enabling this transition. The literature provides a menu of policy tools for mitigation. A key conclusion is that fiscal tools are first in line and central, but can and may need to be complemented by financial and monetary policy instruments. Some tools and policies raise unanswered questions about policy tool assignment and mandates, which we describe. The literature is scarce, however, on the most effective policy mix and the role of mitigation tools and goals in the overall policy framework.
What can trade regulation contribute towards ameliorating the GHG emissions and reducing their concentrations in the atmosphere? This collection of essays analyses options for climate-change mitigation through the lens of the trade lawyer. By examining international law, and in particular the relevant WTO agreements, the authors address the areas of potential conflict between international trade law and international law on climate mitigation and, where possible, suggest ways to strengthen mutual supportiveness between the two regimes. They do so taking into account the drivers of human-induced climate change in energy markets and of consumption.