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This paper provides evidence that interbank markets are tiered rather than flat, in the sense that most banks do not lend to each other directly but through money center banks acting as intermediaries. We capture the concept of tiering by developing a core-periphery model, and devise a procedure for fitting the model to real-world networks. Using Bundesbank data on bilateral interbank exposures among 1800 banks, we find strong evidence of tiering in the German banking system. Moreover, bankspecific features, such as balance sheet size, predict how banks position themselves in the interbank market. This link provides a promising avenue for understanding the formation of financial networks.
This paper presents a novel approach to investigate and model the network of euro area banks’ large exposures within the global banking system. Drawing on a unique dataset, the paper documents the degree of interconnectedness and systemic risk of the euro area banking system based on bilateral linkages. We develop a Contagion Mapping model fully calibrated with bank-level data to study the contagion potential of an exogenous shock via credit and funding risks. We find that tipping points shifting the euro area banking system from a less vulnerable state to a highly vulnerable state are a non-linear function of the combination of network structures and bank-specific characteristics.
The network pattern of financial linkages is important in many areas of banking and finance. Yet bilateral linkages are often unobserved, and maximum entropy serves as the leading method for estimating counterparty exposures. This paper proposes an efficient alternative that combines information-theoretic arguments with economic incentives to produce more realistic interbank networks that preserve important characteristics of the original interbank market. The method loads the most probable links with the largest exposures consistent with the total lending and borrowing of each bank, yielding networks with minimum density. When used in a stress-testing context, the minimum density solution overestimates contagion, whereas maximum entropy underestimates it. Using the two benchmarks side by side defines a useful range that bounds the cost of systemic stress present in the true interbank network when counterparty exposures are unknown.
Credit risk associated with interbank lending may lead to domino effects, where the failureKreditrisiken aus Interbankbeziehungen können zu Dominoeffekten führen indem der.
We look at the effect of capital rules on a banking system that is connected through correlated credit exposures and interbank lending. The rules, which combine individual bank characteristics and interconnectivity measures of interbank lending, are to minimize a measure of system-wide losses. Using the detailed German Credit Register for estimation, we find capital rules based on eigenvectors to dominate any other centrality measure, followed by closeness. Compared to the baseline case, capital reallocation based on the Adjacency Eigenvector saves about 15% in system losses as measured by expected bankruptcy costs.
Provides an in-depth overview of the Federal Reserve System, including information about monetary policy and the economy, the Federal Reserve in the international sphere, supervision and regulation, consumer and community affairs and services offered by Reserve Banks. Contains several appendixes, including a brief explanation of Federal Reserve regulations, a glossary of terms, and a list of additional publications.
In 1978, China embarked on a gradual but far-reaching reform of its economic system. This paper focuses on the achievements so far in reforming the financial sector, the legal framework for financial transactions, the payments system, and the monetary policy and foreign exchange system. It also analyzes the tasks ahead to achieve the goals set in these areas for the year 2000.
More than two years ago the European Central Bank (ECB) adopted a negative interest rate policy (NIRP) to achieve its price stability objective. Negative interest rates have so far supported easier financial conditions and contributed to a modest expansion in credit, demonstrating that the zero lower bound is less binding than previously thought. However, interest rate cuts also weigh on bank profitability. Substantial rate cuts may at some point outweigh the benefits from higher asset values and stronger aggregate demand. Further monetary accommodation may need to rely more on credit easing and an expansion of the ECB’s balance sheet rather than substantial additional reductions in the policy rate.
La integración financiera, y del sistema bancaria en particular, han sido objeto de atención durante más de treinta años entre académicos, decisores políticos y técnicos del sector. Aunque varios factores incidan en esta tendencia ascendente, existe bastante consenso respecto a las ventajas de la integración, que son diversas y sustanciales. Sin embargo, la crisis financiera de 2007-2008 ha puesto en cuestión su expansión, dando lugar a una mayor diversidad de opiniones sobre el impacto global de una integración financiera y bancaria reforzada. En los cinco capítulos del libro se analiza de qué forma la reciente crisis financiera internacional ha contribuido a relanzar el debate sobre los posibles beneficios o riesgos de la integración financiera, considerando no solo los diferentes aspectos del tema sino las múltiples maneras de acercarse a ello. Los dos primeros capítulos analizan, para el caso español, el efecto de la expansión del mercado bancario cuando lleva parejo exposición al riesgo y desequilibrios de liquidez, así como el papel ejercido por la titulización antes de y durante las crisis. El tercer capítulo presenta nuevas medidas de integración bancaria para examinar la relación entre el grado de integración y el alcance de las crisis, mientras que los capítulos restantes emplean modelos teóricos para explicar los origines del contagio y del riesgo sistémico así como el efecto y la propagación de la caída de un banco a lo largo del sector. En el libro colaboran académicos de reconocido prestigio internacional en los campos contemplados. Estos van desde banca en general donde Santiago Carbó (Bangor Business School), Alfredo Martín (U. de las Islas Baleares), Francisco Rodríguez (U. Granada) and Emili Tortosa (U. Jaume I e Ivie) han publicado extensamente, hasta análisis de redes (sobre todo desde la perspectiva financiera), campo en el que Matteo Chinazzi y Giorgio Fagiolo (Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies), Thomas Lux (U. Kiel, Kiel Inst. for the World Economy y U. Jaume I), Mattia Montagna (European Central Bank) e Iván Arribas (U. Valencia, ERICES e Ivie) han realizado aportaciones importantes.