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With traditional rolling efforts, some areas of the asphalt mat do not receive total coverage. Contractors can use intelligent compaction (IC) to ensure the entire asphalt mat gets the correct amount of compaction effort.
The main purpose of this research is to determine the possibility of substituting in-place core density (% Gmm) for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Quality Assurance (QA) in Indiana Department of Transportation Specification with Intelligent Compaction (IC) measurements. A questionnaire survey and interviews were conducted to gather information on: 1) the usage of IC technology in other states, 2) the benefits of applying IC technology, and 3) the application of IC technology for Quality Control/ Quality Assurance (QC/QA). Also the data available from IC demonstration performed on US 52 in 2009 was analyzed to identify the relationship between in-place density values (i.e., Non-Nuclear Gauge, NNG) and the IC Measurement Values (ICMVs).According to survey responses from 26 agencies, there was no state DOT using IC for QA as of June 2014. Only two DOTs, including Alaska and Vermont have adopted IC in HMA compaction for QC. The reasons for not using IC technology in current QC/QA practices were: 1) satisfaction with existing QC/QA procedure, 2) difficulty of adjustment due to the lack of specifications in determining stiffness in HMA, and 3) lack of availability of IC equipment with contractors. However, it was responded that the most benefits of IC was night time paving and uniform compaction in QC.Analysis of the ICMV data obtained from a demonstration project on US 52 indicated that a NNG correlation showed an R2 value of 0.67. This finding supports the IC implementation in the current INDOT HMA QC. It should be noted that a correlation between core-density and ICMV could not be determined due to lack of reliable data.In conclusion, the research could not identify any possibility of adding IC into the INDOT specification for QA based on the survey, phone interviews and analysis of the data obtained from IC demonstration on US 52.
Intelligent Compaction (IC) technology is an innovation of roller technology that can be used to improve quality control (QC) of the asphalt pavement compaction process. It is increasingly used by the asphalt paving industry in the US. Currently, IC is being adopted by many federal and state highway agencies. Asphalt IC technology uses accelerometer - based methods to collect IC measurement values (ICMV) that relate to the stiffness of the compacted materials. Across the US, in - place asphalt density measurement is still the de facto method for acceptance as the in - place densities relate to long - term performance of asphalt pavements. Past limited research has not been successful in finding a strong correlation between ICMV and measured in - place density. To accelerate the implementation of IC technology, it is essential to further study the relationship between IC measured data and core density to assess the use of IC measurements beyond QC. This project includes extensive field studies and data analysis and modeling in order to investigate the relationship between ICMV and other IC measurements (such as pass counts, temperatures, vibration frequencies/amplitudes, direction, speed, etc.) and asphalt in - place densities. The pass - by - pass ICMV correlate well with nu clear density gauge measurements during breakdown compaction. As the final ICMV does not correlate well with core densities, the final ICMV data is not recommended to replace cores for acceptance. A n IC - based nonlinear panel data model was also developed to reasonably predict asphalt in - place density as an enhanced QC tool . Recommendation are also provided regarding future research and implementation to maximize the potential benefits of IC.
While having been successfully used for soil compaction for many years, intelligent compaction (IC) technology is still relatively new for asphalt pavement construction. The potential of using intelligent compaction meter value (ICMV) for evaluating the compaction of asphalt pavements has been hindered by the fact that ICMV can be affected by many factors, which include not only roller operation parameters, but also the temperature of asphalt layer and the underlying support. Therefore, further research is necessary to improve the application of IC for the asphalt compaction. In this study, the feasibility of IC for asphalt compaction was evaluated from many aspects. Based on that, a laboratory IC technology for evaluating asphalt mixture compaction in the laboratory was also developed. In this study, one field project for soil compaction was constructed using IC technology, and a strong and stable linear relationship between ICMV and deflection could be identified when the water content of soil was consistent. After that, more field projects for asphalt compaction were constructed using the IC asphalt roller. The density of asphalt, as the most critical parameter for asphalt layers, along with other parameters, were measured and correlated with the ICMVs. Various factors such as asphalt temperature and the underlying support were considered in this study to improve the correlation between the density and ICMV. Based upon the results of correlation analyses, three IC parameters were recommended for evaluating the compaction quality of resurfacing project. In addition, the geostatistical analyses were performed to evaluate the spatial uniformity of compaction, and the cost-benefit analysis was included to demonstrate the economic benefits of IC technology. Based on the test results of field projects, the IC indices were further utilized to quantify the lab vibratory compaction for paving materials. The compaction processes in the laboratory was monitored by accelerometers. Using Discrete-Time Fourier Transform, the recorded data during compaction were analyzed to evaluate the compactability of paving materials and to further correlate to the field compaction.
Intelligent compaction (IC) is a construction method relatively new to the USA that uses modern vibratory rollers equipped IC components and technologies. Though used for decades in the rest of the world, the IC technology is less mature for its application in the asphalt compaction than its counter part for the soils and subbase compaction. Under the on-going FHWA/TPF IC studies, tremendous amount of knowledge has been gained on HMA IC. Components of asphalt IC include: double-drum IC rollers, roller measurement system, global position system (GPS) radio/receiver/base station, infrared temperature sensors, and integrated reporting system. Therefore, an asphalt IC roller can "adapt its behavior in response to varying situations and requirements" -being "intelligent"! There are many benefits using asphalt IC rollers. To name a few: proof rolling (mapping) to identify soft spots, achieve consistent roller patterns, monitor asphalt surface temperature (to keep up with the paver) and levels of compaction for 100% coverage area, and many more.
Conventional test methods for roadway compaction cover less than one percent of roadway; whereas, intelligent compaction (IC) offers a method to measure 100 percent of a roadway. IC offers the ability to increase compaction uniformity of soils and asphalt pavements, which leads to decreased maintenance costs and an extended service life. This thesis examines IC technology, how IC quality control and assurance specifications can encourage IC adoption, knowledge and use of IC through survey responses, and benefits and costs of IC. The surveys reveal that a majority of respondents from state departments of transportation have conducted IC demonstration projects, but questions about cost and willingness of policymakers to adopt IC remain a barrier to implementation. The benefit-cost analysis demonstrates that use of IC reduces compaction costs by as much as 54 percent and results in a $15,385 annual savings per lane mile throughout the roadway's life.
In this paper, a procedure for estimation of effective modulus of a multilayered hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement using intelligent compaction (IC) is investigated. The study is conducted during the construction of an interstate highway (I-35) in Norman, OK. A complete coverage of the level of compaction of each of the asphalt pavement layers was recorded using the intelligent asphalt compaction analyzer (IACA). The collected IACA data allow determination of the level of compaction (density) at any selected location, for each layer, and provided a set of global positioning system (GPS) coordinates. Calibration procedures have previously been tested and validated by the authors to estimate the density of different types of pavements from IACA data. In this paper, a different calibration procedure is used to measure the dynamic modulus instead of the density of a pavement using IACA. Considering the IACA estimated density, the dynamic modulus of each of the selected locations for an individual pavement layer was measured from laboratory developed master curves. Thereafter, an effective modulus of the three-layer pavement system was calculated for all of the selected locations using Odemark's method. The proposed technique was verified by conducting falling-weight deflectometer (FWD) tests at these selected locations. Analyses of the results show that the proposed intelligent compaction technique may be promising in estimating the effective modulus of the pavement layers in a non-destructive manner. In addition, the Witczak model was used to estimate moduli of each of the pavement layers. The comparison of the Witczak model with FWD revealed that the model over-predicted the modulus significantly.
Attention is being directed toward intelligent compaction (IC) of pavement layers, which uses rollers especially manufactured to determine the degree of compaction and regulate the compactive effort required to produce a pavement layer with the optimum density. An IC roller should also have the capability to record a mix characteristic that can be correlated with the density of the final product. In this study, a small field investigation was conducted to determine if the stiffness measured by a particular IC roller correlated with the density of the thin surface layer of asphalt being compacted, thereby leading to a possible future end-result acceptance tool. The roller patterns were also used to determine whether the IC roller was more efficient than a conventional vibratory roller, i.e., whether fewer roller passes were required than with a conventional roller. The following were concluded from the results of the study: 1. The IC roller was not more efficient than the conventional vibratory roller. The IC roller may not have been able to capitalize on its "intelligent" features to provide more compactive effort when needed because of the thinness and fineness of the mat being placed in this study. A thicker, coarser mat such as that obtained with stone matrix asphalt might have produced different results. 2. The correlation between IC stiffness measurements and pavement density was poor. Three possible reasons for the lack of correlation were the effect of the decreasing temperature of the mat on stiffness, the variation in stiffness of the underlying layers, and the use of an incorrect roller "hammer" setting. 3. As noted in the previous conclusions, proper project selection and conduct of IC experiments are important. A new construction project would eliminate the possibility of the underlying structure influencing compaction or stiffness readings, and the presence of knowledgeable equipment personnel on the project would ensure proper operation of the equipment. 4. The IC method of compaction is not ready for use in asphalt construction at this time. 5. Although the results of this project were not encouraging with regard to the potential use of IC rollers in asphalt construction, they should not discourage additional studies and should aid in the planning of an imminent national pooled fund study.
Intelligent compaction (IC) is an emerging technology, and for some applications it is mature enough for implementation in field compaction of pavement materials. The intent of this project is to realize the blueprint in the FHWA IC strategic plan. IC is a compaction technology used for materials including soils, aggregates, and asphalt mixtures, by using vibratory rollers equipped with the real-time kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning System (GPS), roller-integrated measurement system (normally accelerometer-based), feedback controls, and onboard real-time display of all IC measurements. IC technology can be used to produce uniformly compacted pavement products that perform better and last longer.