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As we approach the end of the present century, the elementary particles of light (photons) are seen to be competing increasingly with the elementary particles of charge (electrons/holes) in the task of transmitting and processing the insatiable amounts of infonnation needed by society. The massive enhancements in electronic signal processing that have taken place since the discovery of the transistor, elegantly demonstrate how we have learned to make use of the strong interactions that exist between assemblages of electrons and holes, disposed in suitably designed geometries, and replicated on an increasingly fine scale. On the other hand, photons interact extremely weakly amongst themselves and all-photonic active circuit elements, where photons control photons, are presently very difficult to realise, particularly in small volumes. Fortunately rapid developments in the design and understanding of semiconductor injection lasers coupled with newly recognized quantum phenomena, that arise when device dimensions become comparable with electronic wavelengths, have clearly demonstrated how efficient and fast the interaction between electrons and photons can be. This latter situation has therefore provided a strong incentive to devise and study monolithic integrated circuits which involve both electrons and photons in their operation. As chapter I notes, it is barely fifteen years ago since the first demonstration of simple optoelectronic integrated circuits were realised using m-V compound semiconductors; these combined either a laser/driver or photodetector/preamplifier combination.
Integrated optoelectronics is becoming ever more important to communications, computer, and consumer industries, with applications in a variety of areas, from consumer electronics to high performance information networks. The requiremets for producing low-cost, highly reliable components for deployment in these new systems have created a technology challenge. Integrated optoelectronics promises to meet the performance and cost objectives of these applications by integrating both optical and electronic components in a highly functional chip. This book provides and overview of this technology.
The book covers the entire topic from the basics of optoelectronics, device physics of photodetectors and light emitters, simulation of photodetectors, and technological aspects of optoelectronic integration in microelectronics to circuit aspects and practical applications. It summarizes the state of the art in integrated silicon optoelectronics and reviews recent publications on this topic. Results of basic research on silicon light emitters are included as well, while published results are compared with each other and with the work of the author.
Integrated optoelectronics is becoming ever more important to communications, computer, and consumer industries. It is the enabling technology in a variety of systems, ranging from low-cost, robust optical componentsin consumer electronics to high-performance broadband information networks capable of supporting video and multimedia conferencing. The requirements for producing low-cost, highly reliable components for deployment in these new systems have created a technology challenge. Integrated optoelectronics promises to meet the performance and cost objectives of these applications by integrating both optical and electronic components in a highly functional chip. This book provides an overview of this exciting newtechnology.Integrated Optoelectronics brings together a group of acknowledged experts from both universities and industry around the world to focus on a common theme of integration. These experts have reported not only on the state-of-the-art, but also on the physics and design experience that goes into implementing integrated chips and modules. This book is a cohesive series of articles that includes a discussion of the intimate trade-offs between materials, processes, devices, functional blocks, packaging,and systems requirements in a truly integrated technology. This integration encompasses electrical, optoelectronic, and optical devices onto monolithic or hybrid chips, and into multichip modules.This volume surveys state-of-the-art research activities in integrated optoelectronics and gathers most of the important references into a single place. It outlines the major issues involved in integrating both optical and electronic components, provides an overview of design and fabrication concepts, and discusses the issues involved in bringing these new chips to the marketplace.This exciting new book:Provides a broad overview of the optoelectronic field, including materials processing, devices, and systems applicationsFeatures authors who are acknowledged research experts in this field, from both industry and universities around the worldIncludes new information on device fabrication, including the latest epitaxial growth and lift-off techniques to permit the mixing of dissimilar materials onto single chipsCovers planar processed laser fabrication leading to wafer level automated testingDiscusses optimization of devices for integration, including a detailed treatment of the vertical emitting laser and theoretical and experimental coverage of optimization of photodetectors for integration into receiver chipsDescribes design approaches for multifunctional chips, including photonic circuits for all-optical networks and the design of integrated optoelectronic chips with lasers, photodiodes, and electronic ICsCovers the infrastructure needed to support an integrated technology, including automated design systems which treat both optical and electrical circuits, and multichip packaging approaches for both optical and IC chips
A field as diverse as optoelectronics needs a reference that is equally versatile. From basic physics and light sources to devices and state-of-the-art applications, the Handbook of Optoelectronics provides comprehensive, self-contained coverage of fundamental concepts and practical applications across the entire spectrum of disciplines encompassed by optoelectronics. The handbook unifies a broad array of current research areas with a forward-looking focus on systems and applications. Beginning with an introduction to the relevant principles of physics, materials science, engineering, and optics, the book explores the details of optoelectronic devices and techniques including semiconductor lasers, optical detectors and receivers, optical fiber devices, modulators, amplifiers, integrated optics, LEDs, and engineered optical materials. Applications and systems then become the focus, with sections devoted to industrial, medical, and commercial applications, communications, imaging and displays, sensing and data processing, spectroscopic analysis, the art of practical optoelectronics, and future prospects. This extensive resource comprises the efforts of more than 70 world-renowned experts from leading industrial and academic institutions around the world and includes many references to contemporary works. Whether used as a field reference, as a research tool, or as a broad and self-contained introduction to the field, the Handbook of Optoelectronics places everything you need in a unified, conveniently organized format.
Numerous efforts are directed at investigating the use of optics at short distances--for example, at the chip-to-chip and board-to-board levels of the interconnection hierarchy. This book provides an overview of the state of the art in heterogeneous integration of electronics, optoelectronics, and micro-optics for short-distance optical interconnections.