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La Educación Ambiental (EA) es considerada por muchos especialistas como parte fundamental en la gestión de las áreas protegidas, constituyendo una pieza clave en la vinculación de las dimensiones biológica y social para la conservación de los ecosistemas. Comparando con otras estrategias de gestión como la investigación biológica y el monitoreo, este campo se encuentra aun en su infancia, en donde se detectan vacíos en lo referente a sistematización y evaluación, lo que dificulta la integración y visibilidad de la EA dentro de los programas de gestión para la conservación de las áreas protegidas. Tomando el Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia como área de estudio, se desarrolló una ruta metodológica capaz de integrar los planes de EA locales al modelo de gestión existente, mediante una investigación participativa e inclusiva para responder a las necesidades y objetivos específicos de conservación. En primer lugar, un diagnóstico interno de la EA fue realizado, revelando que la integración de la EA dentro de la estructura de gestión de los parques es una necesidad prioritaria, siendo un resultado que coincide en los dos estudios de caso elaborados en la costa del Pacífico colombiano. El diagnóstico también demuestra que la comunicación, la participación, la formación y la evaluación tienen que ser reforzadas, en donde la vinculación de la comunidad y a las partes interesadas involucradas en le proceso de gestión es esencial para el éxito del programa de EA y los resultados de gestión. La ruta metodológica propuesta ha sido consensuada por representantes del equipo de educación ambiental a nivel local, regional y nacional, e incorpora consejos y recomendaciones de las ONGs, de manera que la propuesta sea lo mas incluyente con los usuarios y actores sociales vinculados a los procesos de gestión de los parques. La integración de la EA en los planes de acción local, nos ayudará a avanzar hacia una gestión sostenible de las zonas marinas y costeras protegidas, teniendo en cuenta no sólo los aspectos biológicos, sino también el prisma socio-cultural. Una vez la ruta metodológica fue consensuada, la evaluación era el reto pendiente. Actualmente es necesaria una nueva perspectiva para medir la eficacia de la gestión en las áreas protegidas pasa por la inclusión de los datos sociales para la toma de decisiones. En este proceso, la EA juega un papel decisivo como catalizador entre los campos biológico y social en la gestión de áreas protegidas, si embargo son pocos los datos sobre esta relación. Siguiendo una perspectiva de "bottom-up" institucional, se desarrolló una batería de indicadores de EA, de fácil uso para los profesionales y capaz de medir la respuesta del programa de EA en relación con los objetivos de conservación del plan de manejo de áreas protegidas. Usando una combinación de técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas, la recopilación de datos y la elaboración de los indicadores se divide en cinco etapas: 1. Encuesta a escala nacional sobre el programa de educación ambiental. 2. Una fase de entrevistas al equipo de EA de Parques Nacionales y ONGs medioambientales. 3. Categorización de objetivos de EA 4. Proceso de Sistematización y 5. Grupo Focal para evaluar la propuesta de indicadores. Finalmente, un conjunto de 5 indicadores es desarrollado siguiendo las necesidades identificadas: apropiación de la información, articulación, calidad de la participación, ejecución de los programas y continuidad del proceso de EA. Se espera que este nuevo enfoque para la evaluación de la EA sea adoptado en la actualización de los planes de gestión del Sistema de Parques Nacionales de Colombia, como una herramienta innovadora que contribuye a la evaluación de la eficacia de las áreas protegidas, incorporando un enfoque más social y participativo. Esta Tesis doctoral es una aportación para llevar a la acción la Política colombiana para la Participación Social en la Conservación y la Estrategia Nacional de Educación Ambiental para Parques Nacionales de Colombia.
The International Encyclopedia of Primatology represents the first comprehensive encyclopedic reference focusing on the behaviour, biology, ecology, evolution, genetics, and taxonomy of human and non-human primates. Represents the first comprehensive encyclopedic reference relating to primatology Features more than 450 entries covering topics ranging from the taxonomy, history, behaviour, ecology, captive management and diseases of primates to their use in research, cognition, conservation, and representations in literature Includes coverage of the basic scientific concepts that underlie each topic, along with the latest advances in the field Highly accessible to undergraduate and graduate students in primatology, anthropology, and the medical, biological and zoological sciences Essential reference for academics, researchers and commercial and conservation organizations This work is also available as an online resource at www.encyclopediaofprimatology.com
This analysis of Colombia's System of National Park Reservations accomplishes four objectives: 1) The historical development of national parks in Colombia was described; 2) The status, as of August, 1974, of the areas administered by the Colombian Renewable Natural Resources Development Institute (INDERENA) was summarized; 3) An analysis of major management problems facing Colombia's park personnel was completed; and 4) The values which park division employees place on Colombia's national parks were described. Colombia's System of National Park Reservations includes nine national parks, one fauna territory, and one fauna sanctuary. In total, nearly 1.3 million hectares have been reserved by law and are being managed by INDERENA. This system amounts to 1.2 per cent of the total land surface area and territorial waters of the country. A Fulbright-Hays scholarship facilitated seven months of field work to be undertaken in Colombia. Relevant literature on the history of Colombia's conservation efforts and resource management policies was reviewed in Colombian archives and resource agency files in the U.S. The major methodology used in the study was the interview with open-ended questions and a structured format. The selection of informants was restricted to employees of INDERENP's Division of National Parks and Wildlife. In total, 44 interviews were conducted. Four groups of park employees were identified and their responses, concerning management problems and park values, analyzed and compared: Park and wildlife administrators from the national office in Bogota, regional office managers having park responsibilities, national park superintendents, and park inspectors or rangers. The major conclusions of this study were: 1. Twenty-eight distinct management problems were identified in Colombia's park system. The most important single management concern was that of the presence of inholdings and the associated problems. These include: roads, power lines, poaching, agriculture, burning, grazing, and mining. 2. The next four most important problems were a lack of: adequately trained park personnel, public interest for the park program, financial resources, and support from the national office to the field offices and employees. 3. National and regional administrators, and park directors generally agreed as to the system's management issues, while park inspectors tended to identify personal concerns rather than park management problems. 4. Thirteen values thought to be derived from national parks were identified. The most frequently mentioned values were: The preservation of endangered species and their habitat, providing outdoor education study areas, national pride, watershed protection, and open space aesthetics. 5. Colombia has the potential, and a sound legislative basis to develop an outstanding park system. The task remains one of implementation of existing laws. Twenty recommendations were forwarded to INDERENA for consideration. It is believed that with their implementation, Colombia's park management system will be strengthened, and more data will be available for resource planners to analyze future problems. Included in the appendices are a list of South American national parks recognized by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and a brief description of the administrative organization of each South American national park system.
Sacred Ecology examines bodies of knowledge held by indigenous and other rural peoples around the world, and asks how we can learn from this knowledge and ways of knowing. Berkes explores the importance of local and indigenous knowledge as a complement to scientific ecology, and its cultural and political significance for indigenous groups themselves. With updates of relevant links for further learning and over 180 new references, the fourth edition gives increased voice to indigenous authors, and reflects the remarkable increase in published local observations of climate change.
We have everything we need to begin solving this crisis, with the exception of the will to act. But in America, our will to take action is itself a renewable resource. (Al Gore 2002) This book explains why we should take action and how to do so, giving insights saving time and money for future generations. Earth’s biodiversity is threatened in many ways, including by climate change, invasive species, and development. Conservation response cannot be defined by political boundaries, yet lands are commonly managed at the local, state and national levels. These authors’ actions from all levels, crossed lines to partner and get things done for the greater good. Expert educators, scientists, practitioners, citizens and policymakers took action, and contributed to the present volume. Conservation requires a multidisciplinary approach, and so herein some 50 disciplines inform and inspire future practices and policies. Students and professionals alike in applied ecology, wildlife biology, entomology, botany, land management, landscape architecture, journalism, ethics and public policy benefit from these authorities’ stories.