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We review the limited available literature relating to markets for credit risk transfer. These markets help to complete incomplete financial markets for credit risk by facilitating the isolation of credit risk from other risks and extending the opportunities to manage credit risk. Yet, CRT markets give rise to additional risk management problems, and they also create new asymmetric information problems. Pricing for some CRT instruments also remains difficult. We identify the new problems created by CRT markets in terms of their effects on relationships between borrowers and lenders and between lenders and credit protection sellers. We also discuss how different forms of CRT instruments or contracts mitigate the problems to differing degrees. Finally, we identify three channels through which CRT markets may have financial stability implications: Firms' access to finance; monetary-policy-transmission mechanisms; and interactions between markets.
This book is a practical guide to the latest risk management tools and techniques applied in the market to assess and manage credit risks at bank, sovereign, corporate and structured finance level. It strongly advocates the importance of sound credit risk management and how this can be achieved with prudent origination, credit risk policies, approval process, setting of meaningful limits and underwriting criteria. The book discusses the various quantitative techniques used to assess and manage credit risk, including methods to estimate default probabilities, credit value at risk approaches and credit exposure analysis. Basel I, II and III are covered, as are the true meaning of credit ratings, how these are assigned, their limitations, the drivers of downgrades and upgrades, and how credit ratings should be used in practise is explained. Modern Credit Risk Management not only discusses credit risk from a quantitative angle but further explains how important the qualitative and legal assessment is. Credit risk transfer and mitigation techniques and tools are explained, as are netting, ISDA master agreements, centralised counterparty clearing, margin collateral, overcollateralization, covenants and events of default. Credit derivatives are also explained, as are Total Return Swaps (TRS), Credit Linked Notes (CLN) and Credit Default Swaps (CDS). Furthermore, the author discusses what we have learned from the financial crisis of 2007 and sovereign crisis of 2010 and how credit risk management has evolved. Finally the book examines the new regulatory environment, looking beyond Basel to the European Union (EU) Capital Requirements Regulation and Directive (CRR-CRD) IV, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. This book is a fully up to date resource for credit risk practitioners and academics everywhere, outlining the latest best practices and providing both quantitative and qualitative insights. It will prove a must-have reference for the field.
The increasing ability to trade credit risk in financial markets has facilitated its dispersion across the financial and other sectors. However, specific risks attached to credit risk transfer (CRT) instruments in a market with still-limited liquidity means that its rapid expansion may actually pose problems for financial sector stability in the event of a major negative shock to credit markets. This paper attempts to quantify the exposure of major U.K. financial groups to credit derivatives, by applying a vector autoregression (VAR) model to publicly available market prices. Our results indicate that use of credit derivatives does not pose a substantial threat to financial sector stability in the United Kingdom. Exposures across major financial institutions appear sufficiently diversified to limit the impact of any shock to the market, while major insurance companies are largely exposed to the "safer" senior tranches.
Financial crisis of 2007 has raised serious concerns regarding soundness of financial system. It has been pointed out by several academic scholars that root cause of recent turmoil is embedded deep and closely connected with innovation in credit risk transfer. This study examines the motives behind creation of derivative market and their role in financial meltdown. Among the credit derivatives the two most widely used or abused tools, credit default swaps and collateralized debt obligations, played a significant role in rapid establishment of credit derivative universe thereby leaving behind the long established equity market. The study further examines original concept of credit risk transfer along with their funding structure and dynamics of different tools highlighting the role of Regulators, Rating Agencies, Financial Institutions & contagion effects of innovation on financial industry and establishment of shadow banking. The study concludes on quotation of Terri Duhond that when car crash happens people only blame drivers rather than criticizing the authorities who allow them to drive.
A practical approach to ART-an alternative method by which companies take on various types of risk This comprehensive book shows readers what ART is, how it can be used to mitigate risk, and how certain instruments/structures associated with ART should be implemented. Through numerous examples and case studies, readers will learn what actually works and what doesn't when using this technique. Erik Banks (CT) joined XL Capital's weather/energy risk management subsidiary, Element Re, as a Partner and Chief Risk Officer in 2001.
The credit risk market is the fastest growing financial market in the world, attracting everyone from hedge funds to banks and insurance companies. Increasingly, professionals in corporate finance need to understand the workings of the credit risk market in order to successfully manage risk in their own organizations; in addition, some wish to move into the field on a full-time basis. Most books in the field, however, are either too academic for working professionals, or written for those who already possess extensive experience in the area. Credit Derivatives fills the gap, explaining the credit risk market clearly and simply, in language any working financial professional can understand. Harvard Business School faculty member George C. Chacko and his colleagues begin by explaining the underlying principles surrounding credit risk. Next, they systematically present today's leading methods and instruments for managing it. The authors introduce total return swaps, credit spread options, credit linked notes, and other instruments, demonstrating how each of them can be used to isolate risk and sell it to someone willing to accept it.
A comprehensive guide to credit risk management The Handbook of Credit Risk Management presents a comprehensive overview of the practice of credit risk management for a large institution. It is a guide for professionals and students wanting a deeper understanding of how to manage credit exposures. The Handbook provides a detailed roadmap for managing beyond the financial analysis of individual transactions and counterparties. Written in a straightforward and accessible style, the authors outline how to manage a portfolio of credit exposures--from origination and assessment of credit fundamentals to hedging and pricing. The Handbook is relevant for corporations, pension funds, endowments, asset managers, banks and insurance companies alike. Covers the four essential aspects of credit risk management: Origination, Credit Risk Assessment, Portfolio Management and Risk Transfer. Provides ample references to and examples of credit market services as a resource for those readers having credit risk responsibilities. Designed for busy professionals as well as finance, risk management and MBA students. As financial transactions grow more complex, proactive management of credit portfolios is no longer optional for an institution, but a matter of survival.
A classic book on credit risk management is updated to reflect the current economic crisis Credit Risk Management In and Out of the Financial Crisis dissects the 2007-2008 credit crisis and provides solutions for professionals looking to better manage risk through modeling and new technology. This book is a complete update to Credit Risk Measurement: New Approaches to Value at Risk and Other Paradigms, reflecting events stemming from the recent credit crisis. Authors Anthony Saunders and Linda Allen address everything from the implications of new regulations to how the new rules will change everyday activity in the finance industry. They also provide techniques for modeling-credit scoring, structural, and reduced form models-while offering sound advice for stress testing credit risk models and when to accept or reject loans. Breaks down the latest credit risk measurement and modeling techniques and simplifies many of the technical and analytical details surrounding them Concentrates on the underlying economics to objectively evaluate new models Includes new chapters on how to prevent another crisis from occurring Understanding credit risk measurement is now more important than ever. Credit Risk Management In and Out of the Financial Crisis will solidify your knowledge of this dynamic discipline.
The importance of managing credit and credit risks carefully and appropriately cannot be overestimated. The very success or failure of a bank and the banking industry in general may well depend on how credit risk is handled. Banking professionals must be fully versed in the risks associated with credit operations and how to manage those risks. This up-to-date volume is an invaluable reference and study tool that delves deep into issues associated with credit risk management. Credit Risk Management from the Hong Kong Institute of Bankers (HKIB)discusses the various ways through which banks manage risks. Essential for candidates studying for the HKIB Associateship Examination, it can also help those who want to acquire a deeper understanding of how and why banks make decisions and set up processes that lower their risk. Topics covered in this book include: Active credit portfolio management Risk management, pricing, and capital adequacy Capital requirements for banks Approaches to credit risk management Structural models and probability of default Techniques to determine loss given default Derivatives and structured products