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Cosmic rays consist of elementary particles with enormous energy which originate from outside our solar system and constantly hit the Earth’s atmosphere. Where do these cosmic rays originate? How does nature accelerate the cosmic-ray particles to energies with orders of magnitude beyond the limits of manmade particle accelerators? What can we learn by measuring the interactions of the cosmic rays with the atmosphere? Digital radio-antenna arrays offer a promising, complementary measurement method for high-energy cosmic rays. This thesis reports on substantial advances in the development of the radio technique, which will be used to address these questions in future experiments.
Many physicists and astrophysicists are searching for information about the highest energy and therefore rarest cosmic rays. This has motivated efforts to instrument larger and larger volumes of material, leading to a resurgence of radio detection techniques. Particle-astrophysicists from around the world gathered to share recent results, simulations, hardware techniques, and historical reminiscences.
The southern Auger Observatory provides an excellent test bed to study the radio detection of extensive air showers as an alternative, cost-effective, and accurate tool for cosmic-ray physics. The data from the radio setup can be correlated with those from the well-calibrated baseline detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Furthermore, human-induced radio noise levels at the southern Auger site are relatively low. We have started an R & D program to test various radio-detection concepts. Our studies will reveal Radio Frequency Interferences (RFI) caused by natural effects such as day-night variations, thunderstorms, and by human-made disturbances. These RFI studies are conducted to optimize detection parameters such as antenna design, frequency interval, antenna spacing and signal processing. The data from our initial setups, which presently consist of typically 3 - 4 antennas, will be used to characterize the shower from radio signals and to optimize the initial concepts. Furthermore, the operation of a large detection array requires autonomous detector stations. The current design is aiming at stations with antennas for two polarizations, solar power, wireless communication, and local trigger logic. The results of this initial phase will provide an important stepping stone for the design of a few tens kilometers square engineering array.
Abstract: We discuss recent and future efforts to detect radio signals from extended air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory in Malargue, Argentina. With the advent of low-cost, high-performance digitizers and robust digital signal processing software techniques, radio detection of cosmic rays has resurfaced as a promising measurement system. The inexpensive nature of the detector media (metallic wires, rods or parabolic dishes) and economies of scale working in our favor (inexpensive high-quality C-band amplifiers and receivers) make an array of radio antennas an appealing alternative to the expense of deploying an array of Cherenkov detector water tanks or 'fly's eye' optical telescopes for fluorescence detection. The calorimetric nature of the detection and the near 100% duty cycle gives the best of both traditional detection techniques. The history of cosmic ray detection will be discussed. A short review on the astrophysical properties of cosmic rays and atmospheric interactions will lead into a discussion of two radio emission channels that are currently being investigated.
This thesis offers the first laboratory validation of microscopic simulations of radio emission from particle showers, including a detailed description of the simulation study. It presents a potential future avenue for resolving the mass composition of cosmic rays via radio detection of air showers. Particle showers are created from cascading interactions when high-energy particles collide with matter, e.g. with air in the case of cosmic radiation, or with a particle detector in the case of experiments at CERN. These showers can consist of billions of particles, mostly electrons, positrons and photons. They emit radio waves when the absorbing medium is in a magnetic field, and this radio emission can be used as a novel means of detecting and drawing inferences on the shower and the primary particle. The new method is currently being established in cosmic ray research, where large antenna arrays may soon replace or complement traditional particle detectors. In thi s study, a complete microscopic simulation of a radio-emission experiment conducted at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Stanford/USA, is performed, and the underlying physical models are validated. The model is subsequently applied to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project, which is a large interferometer for radio astronomy. It is demonstrated that the SKA, with some modifications, might also be used for cosmic ray research based on radio detection of high-energy particles from the cosmos.
Introduction, history and theory. Early years of high energy neutrino physics in cosmic rays and neutrino astronomy (1957-1962) / I. Zheleznykh. Extremely energetic cosmic neutrinos: opportunities for astrophysics, particle physics, and cosmology / A. Ringwald. Comparison of GZK neutrino flux calculations* / D. Seckel et al. Investigation of event rates for different detector arrays and various extremely high energy models / J.K. Becker and W. Rhode (presented by J.K. Becker) -- Target material properties. Measurement of attenuation length for radio wave in natural rock salt samples concerning ultra high energy neutrino detection / M. Chiba et al. (presented by M. Chiba). Acoustic wave propagation in ice and salt* / B. Price. Experience on acoustic wave propagation in rock salt in the frequency range 1-100 kHz and conclusions with respect to the feasibility of a rock salt dome as neutrino detector / J. Eisenblätter et al. (presented by G. Manthei). Radio signals from photon beams in sand and salt / D. Williams et al. (presented by D. Williams). Broadband analysis of Askaryan pulses / P. Mioǐnović -- Simulation and propagation of signals. Hybrid scheme of simulation of electron-photon and electron-hadron cascades in dense medium at ultra-high energies / L.G. Dedenko et al. (presented by L.G. Dedenko). Structure function of excess charge in rock salt / Y. Watanabe et al. (presented by Y. Watanabe). Simulations of radio emission from electromagnetic showers in dense media / J. Alvarez-Muñiz et al. (presented by J. Alvarez-Muñiz). Monte Carlo simulations of radio emission from cosmic ray air showers / T. Huege and H. Falcke (presented by T. Huege). Simulation of radio signals from 1-10 TeV air showers using EGSnrc / R. Engel et al. (presented by A.A. Konstantinov) -- Signal processing and background reduction. Scaling of Askaryan pulses / D. Seckel. Signal processing for acoustic neutrino detection in water, ice and salt / S. Danaher. Experience from SAUND* / J. Vandenbroucke. An analysis approach to acoustic detection of extensive atmospheric showers / D. Zaborov -- Sensors and transmitters. Development of acoustic sensors for the ANTARES experiment / C. Naumann et al. (presented by C. Naumann). Measurements and simulation studies of Piezoceramics for acoustic particle detection / K. Salomon et al. Fiber laser hydrophones as pressure sensors / P.E. Bagnoli et al. (presented by C. Trono). Development of glaciophones and acoustic transmitters for ice / S. Böser et al. (presented by S. Böser). Preliminary results on hydrophones calibration with proton beam / A. Capone and G. de Bonis (presented by G. de Bonis) -- Experimental results I (acoustic). High frequency noise in Lake Baikal as a background for the acoustic detection of high energy neutrinos / V.M. Aynutdinov et al. (presented by N.M. Budnev). ITEP investigation of acoustic phenomena from high energy particles / V.S. Demidov et al. (presented by V. Lyashuk). Testing thermo-acoustic sound generation in water with proton and laser beams / K. Graf et al. (presented by K. Graf). Results from the SAUND I experiment* / J. Vandenbroucke. The NEMO acoustic test facility / G. Riccobene. First activities in acoustic detection of particles in UPV / M. Ardid et al. (presented by M. Ardid) -- Experimental results II (Cherenkov Radio). The upper limit to the EHE neutrino flux from observations of the moon with Kalyazin radio telescope / R.D. Dagkesamanskii et al. (presented by R.D. Dagkesamanskii). Using the Westerbork Radio Observatory to detect UHE cosmic particles interacting on the moon / J. Bacelar et al. (presented by J. Bacelar). Updated limits on the Ultra-High Energy (UHE) neutrino flux from the RICE experiment / Kravchenko et al. (presented by D. Besson). The ANITA cosmogenic neutrino experiment / P.W. Gorham et al. (presented by P. Miocinovic). Measuring the neutrino-nucleon cross section with SalSA / A. Connolly -- Experimental results III (Air Shower Radio). Radio detection of cosmic rays with LOPES / A. Horneffer et al. (presented by H. Falcke and A. Horneffer). Combined LOPES and KASCADE-GRANDE data analysis / A. Haungs et al. (presented by A. Haungs). Absolute calibration of the LOPES antenna system / S. Nehls et al. (presented by S. Nehls). CODALEMA: a cosmic ray air shower radio detection experiment / D. Ardouin et al. (presented by R. Dallier) -- Future projects I. The converted hydroacoustic array "MG-10M"--A basic module for a deep water neutrino-telescope / Y. Karlik and V. Svet (presented by V. Svet). A device for detection of acoustic signals from super high energy neutrinos / V.M. Aynutdinov et al. (presented by L.V. Pan'kov). The UK-ACoRNE group: present projects and future plans* / S. Danaher. ACoRNE simulation work / J. Perkin. Design considerations and sensitivity estimates for an acoustic neutrino detector / T. Karg et al. (presented by T. Karg) -- Future projects II. Study of acoustic ultra-high energy neutrino detection Phase II / N. Kurahashi. SPATS-a South Pole acoustic test setup / S. Böser et al. (presented by S. Böser). Integration of acoustic detection equipment into ANTARES / R. Lahmann et al. (presented by R. Lahmann). Overview of the LORD experiment (Lunar Orbital Radio Detector) / V.A. Chechin et al. (presented by V.A. Tsarev). Concept of the LORD experiment / V.A. Chechin et al. (presented by V.A. Chechin). Advanced detection methods of radio signals from cosmic rays for KASCADE Grande and Auder / H. Gemmeke et al. (presented by H. Gemmeke) -- Future projects III. Neutrino detection in salt domes under LOFAR / A.M. van den Berg. Introduction to the SalSA, a saltdome shower array as a GZK neutrino observatory (abstract only) / D. Saltzberg. Neutrino flavor identification in SalSA / P. Miočpinović. Simulation of a hybrid optical/radio/acoustic extension to icecube for EHE neutrino detection / J.A. Vandenbroucke et al. (presented by J.A. Vandenbroucke) -- Round table discussion. ARENA round table discussion summary / R. Nahnhauer -- Conference summary. ARENA 2005 Conference summary / J.G. Learned. ARENA workshop pictures. List of participants. *Contribution not received
The handbook centers on detection techniques in the field of particle physics, medical imaging and related subjects. It is structured into three parts. The first one is dealing with basic ideas of particle detectors, followed by applications of these devices in high energy physics and other fields. In the last part the large field of medical imaging using similar detection techniques is described. The different chapters of the book are written by world experts in their field. Clear instructions on the detection techniques and principles in terms of relevant operation parameters for scientists and graduate students are given.Detailed tables and diagrams will make this a very useful handbook for the application of these techniques in many different fields like physics, medicine, biology and other areas of natural science.