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A room’s acoustic character seems at once the most technical and the most mystical of concerns. Since the early Enlightenment, European architects have systematically endeavored to represent and control the propagation of sound in large interior spaces. Their work has been informed by the science of sound but has also been entangled with debates on style, visualization techniques, performance practices, and the expansion of the listening public. Echo’s Chambers explores how architectural experimentation from the seventeenth through the mid-twentieth centuries laid the groundwork for concepts of acoustic space that are widely embraced in contemporary culture. It focuses on the role of echo and reverberation in the architecture of Pierre Patte, Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, Carl Ferdinand Langhans, and Le Corbusier, as well as the influential acoustic ideas of Athanasius Kircher, Richard Wagner, and Marshall McLuhan. Drawing on interdisciplinary theories of media and auditory culture, Joseph L. Clarke reveals how architecture has impacted the ways we continue to listen to, talk about, and creatively manipulate sound in the physical environment.
This book contains the papers that were accepted for presentation at the 1988 NATO Advanced Study Institute on Underwater Acoustic Data Processing, held at the Royal Military College of Canada from 18 to 29 July, 1988. Approximately 110 participants from various NATO countries were in attendance during this two week period. Their research interests range from underwater acoustics to signal processing and computer science; some are renowned scientists and some are recent Ph.D. graduates. The purpose of the ASI was to provide an authoritative summing up of the various research activities related to sonar technology. The exposition on each subject began with one or two tutorials prepared by invited lecturers, followed by research papers which provided indications of the state of development in that specific area. I have broadly classified the papers into three sections under the titles of I. Propagation and Noise, II. Signal Processing and III. Post Processing. The reader will find in Section I papers on low frequency acoustic sources and effects of the medium on underwater acoustic propagation. Problems such as coherence loss due to boundary interaction, wavefront distortion and multipath transmission were addressed. Besides the medium, corrupting noise sources also have a strong influence on the performance of a sonar system and several researchers described methods of modeling these sources.
Gives basic and up-to-date information about noise sources in electronic devices. Demonstrates how this information can be used to calculate the noise performance, in particular the noise figure, of electronic circuits using these devices. Optimization procedures, both for the circuits and for the devices, are then devised based on these data. Gives an elementary treatment of thermal noise, diffusion noise, and velocity-fluctuation noise, including quantum effects in thermal noise and maser noise.
This book is a translation of 'Physik und Technik des Ultraschalls', originally published in 1988 by S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart. As in the German edition, it is based on lectures on ultrasound which the author has given over the past fifteen years to students of electrical engineer ing and physics at the Rheinisch-Westfiilische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany. Its purpose is to explain and describe the peculiarities of high frequency sound with general acoustics as a foundation. It is these peculiarities which have led to the development of specific methods of sound generation and sound detection on the one hand and are relevant to the way ultrasound propagates in various materials, and which are the origin of a wide range of technical applications on the other. The first part of the book is devoted to the fundamentals of ultrasonics. Since the reader is not expected to have a knowledge of general acoustics, introductory chapters survey the basic ideas and laws of acoustics without systematically deriving the formulae pre sented. Likewise, the third chapter, which deals with the radiation and diffraction of sound, is still fairly general, although it is somewhat more adapted to the specific requirements of ultrasound. In the three subsequent chapters, the generation and detection or measurement of ultrasound is dealt with. The seventh chapter is a digression on the peculiarities of the hypersonic range.
Solid-state NMR covers an enormous range of material types and experimental techniques. Although the basic instrumentation and techniques of solids NMR are readily accessible, there can be significant barriers, even for existing experts, to exploring the bewildering array of more sophisticated techniques. In this unique volume, a range of experts in different areas of modern solid-state NMR explain about their area of expertise, emphasising the “practical aspects” of implementing different techniques, and illustrating what questions can and cannot be addressed. Later chapters address complex materials, showing how different NMR techniques discussed in earlier chapters can be brought together to characterise important materials types. The volume as a whole focusses on topics relevant to the developing field of “NMR crystallography” – the use of solids NMR as a complement to diffraction crystallography. This book is an ideal complement to existing introductory texts and reviews on solid-state NMR. New researchers wanting to understand new areas of solid-state NMR will find each chapter to be the equivalent to spending time in the laboratory of an internationally leading expert, learning the hints and tips that make the difference between knowing about a technique and being ready to put it into action. With no equivalent on the market, it will be of interest to every solid-state NMR researcher (academic and postgraduate) working in the chemical sciences.
Ultrasonic Methods in Solid State Physics is devoted to studies of energy loss and velocity of ultrasonic waves which have a bearing on present-day problems in solid-state physics. The discussion is particularly concerned with the type of investigation that can be carried out in the megacycle range of frequencies from a few megacycles to kilomegacycles; it deals almost entirely with short-duration pulse methods rather than with standing-wave methods. The book opens with a chapter on a classical treatment of wave propagation in solids. This is followed by separate chapters on methods and techniques of ultrasonic pulse echo measurements, and the physics of ultrasonically measurable properties of solids. It is hoped that this book will provide the reader with the special background necessary to read critically the many research papers and special articles concerned with the use of ultrasonic methods in solid state physics. The book is intended to help the person beginning work in this field. At the same time, it will also be useful to those actively involved in such work. An attempt has been made to provide a fairly general and unified treatment suitable for graduate students and others without extensive experience.
This volume contains the proceedings of the Fifth International Confer ence on Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter held June 2-6, 1986 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The preceding confer ences were held at St. Maxime and Paris in 1972, at the University of Nottingham in 1975, at Brown University in 1979, and at the University of Stuttgart in 1983. The Illinois conference dealt with both traditional and newly developing topics in the area of phonon scattering. Papers were presented on phonon scattering in glassy and crystalline dielectrics, semi conductors, metals (both normal and superconducting), and in the areas of phonon imaging, large wave vector phonons, optical techniques and new experimental methods. The 12 invited papers and 100 contributed papers were presented by the 125 scientists from 14 countries. A citation was presented to Professor Paul Klemens of the University of Connecticut for his pioneering contributions to the physics of phonon scattering in solids. Paul Gustav Klemens Born - Vienna (1925) B. Sc. - Sydney (1946) D. Phil. - Oxford (1950) National Standards Lab. , Sydney (1950-1959) Westinghouse Research Labs. , Pittsburgh (1964-1969) Univ. of Connecticut (1967- ) Fellow: American Physical Society British Institute of Physics & Physical Society A long career dedicated to the understanding of thermal transport. Few papers are published on phonon thermal transport that do not reference his work.