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Innovation and the Arms Race investigates the causes and mechanisms of the "technological arms race" between the United States and the Soviet Union. Challenging the commonly held notion that Soviet weapons innovation processes simply mirror those of the United States, Matthew Evangelista shows that the United States usually leads in introducing new military technology, while the Soviets typically react to American initiatives. Evangelista bases his study of pivotal nuclear weapons development decisions on a variety of US and USSR primary sources, including the memoirs of weapons designers and scientists, declassified intelligence analyses, Soviet Academy of Science documents, and Nikita Khruschev's taped reminiscences. He finds that in the United States, impetus for innovation comes "from the bottom" at the initiative of corporate or government researchers and military officials, whereas the centralized Soviet system produces innovations "from the top" in response to foreign developments. A revelatory analysis of US military policy, Soviet-American relations, and weaponry development, Innovation and the Arms Race bears lessons for the study of great power competition and military innovation today.
Weapons proliferation is one of the most pressing global concerns following the end of the Cold War. Despite the absence of an overarching superpower conflict, armaments and related technologies have continued to spread throughout the international system. This has been particularly true in areas like East Asia and the Middle East, where the traditional two party arms races are not readily apparent. This text addresses these concerns and shortcomings using data on fourteen specific military technological innovations that diffused throughout the international system from 1960 to 1997.
Of proceedings / Herbert M. Levine -- New technologies and new weapons systems / Kosta Tsipis -- Can conventional new technologies and new tactics replace tactical nuclear weapons in Europe? / Jorma K. Miettinen -- International political economy of proliferation / Steven J. Baker -- Arms limitation and security policies required to minimise the proliferation of nuclear weapons / Enid C.B. Schoettle -- Anglo-American nuclear relationship : proliferatroy or anti-proliferatory? / David Carlton -- Proliferation : sophisticated weapons and revolutionary options -- the sub-state perspective / J. Bowyer Bell -- Arms and politics : old issues, new perceptions / Michael Nacht -- Different approach to arms control -- reciprocal unilateral restraint / Herbert Scoville, Jr. -- New approach to strategic arms limitation and reduction / William Epstein -- Strategic arms limitation and military strategic concepts / M.A. Milstein -- Nuclear testing -- no end in sight? / Thomas A. Halsted -- Reconnaissance satellites and the arms race / Herbert F. York -- Realities of arms control : the cruise missile case / Robert A. Nalewajek -- Diffusion of economic and military power and its impact on the Middle East Conflict / Mario'n Mushkat -- Fallacy of thinking conventionally about nuclear weapons / Hans J. Morgenthau -- All at sea? A critique of the American strategic force structure / Peter King -- Function of military power / B.V.A. Roling -- 116 wars in 30 years / Istvan Kende -- Role of arms in capitalist economies : the process of overdevelopment and underdevelopment / Mary Kaldor -- Economic and technological prerequisites for achieving political and military stability / Tom Stonier.
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"Foote's comprehensive review of the conflicting public policies confronting the medical device industry is must reading for everyone involved in the effort to harness the cost of American medicine while guaranteeing the value of quality invention. It's up to those of us in the midst of health care reform to accept her policy challenge."--Senator Dave Durenberger "Invaluable insights for health care policy decision makers about the opportunities and dilemmas created by medical innovation."--Samuel O. Their, Brandeis University "A brilliant analysis of a little understood area of health care and health policy in the United States."--Philip R. Lee, MD, UC San Francisco
A long tradition of theoretical and empirical work has been devoted to the question of the driving forces in the arms race since the 1960s. This book takes up the internal factors of arms dynamics, such as bureaucratic politics, interservice rivalry, and the military-industrial complex, as well as external factors such as interactive arms dynamics between the two superpowers. It also deals with the question of technological determinism - the ideas that what is technically possible will be done as opposed to the idea that `politics is in command'. Finally, factors in the international system affecting arms races are also examined, such as long economic waves and power transitions.
The choice of weapons used by armies has often been determined as much by politics, the machinations of the arms industry and a race to innovate, as it has by military expediency.