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The report describes the current state-of-the-art in automation of graphic arts composition, starting from either of two sources: keyboard entry of manuscript material, or mechanized input in the form of available perforated tapes or magnetic tapes. The gamut is covered from one extreme in which a skilled keyboard operator performs all of the compositor functions required to operate a typesetting machine, to the other extreme in which the input merely provides text whether or not including designation of desired font changes, followed by a high degree of automation through all operations leading to type set for printing. Intermediate automation aids for the compositor functions, including characteristics of special-purpose digital computers and functions performed by typography programs for general-purpose digital computers, are reviewed. Characteristics of automatically operated typesetting mechanisms, including hot metal casting machines and photocomposers, slow, medium and high speed, are outlined. Applications of new techniques for typographic-quality automated composition that are of interest in scientific and technical information centers, libraries, and other documentation operations include sequential card camera listings, computer-generated KWIC indexes, photocomposition of technical journals, automatic composition of books containing both computer-produced tabular data and natural language texts, and the incorporation of mechanized processes throughout the publication cycle from the author's original manuscript preparation to the final printing. (Author).
On the surface, the American newspaper industry appears to have changed little from 1945 to 1965, remaining both healthy and prosperous. The number of newspapers in 1965 was about the same as in 1945, while during the twenty-year period advertising revenues increased substantially despite new competition from television. Just as in 1945, the vast majority of newspapers went to press with improved but old-fashioned letterpress methods in 1965. And newspaper reporters still professed a strong, if now somewhat shaken, faith in the federal government at the end of the twenty years. But the surface appearance of both stability and profitability obscured profound change. In the two decades after World War II, the business of newspaper publishing changed significantly in myriad ways. By 1965, editors and publishers had recognized the extent of these changes and were beginning to adjust. Each of the changes was significant of its own accord, and the range of challenges throughout the period combined to transform newspapers and the nation they served by 1965. This transformation was evident, to varying degrees, in newspapers' content, their production methods, their economic position within the overall media marketplace, and their relationship with government. Newspapers - some more than others - made strides to keep up with and overcome some of these challenges. But in each of these areas, newspapers as a group were slow to respond to the problems facing journalism.
Includes index.