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This volume discusses experimental brain injury models that contain valuable information carefully chosen to widen the researchers’ horizon about neurotrauma. Injury Models of Central Nervous System: Methods and Protocols contains relevant experimental design approaches that have been adapted and made ready for application in laboratory settings. For easier navigation, the chapters are categorized into 6 parts: Introduction, General Consideration in Using Animal Laboratory in CNS Injury Research, Classical TBI Models and Their Link with Pathophysiological Features of CBS Injury – Models, Special Topics in CNS Trauma: Comorbid Conditions in CNS Injury, Outcome Measures in Brain Injury Models, and Future Directions. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Practical and thorough, Injury Models of Central Nervous Systems: Methods and Protocols, is a very useful reference towards the progress of this discipline.
Despite numerous recent studies and exciting discoveries in the field, only limited treatment is available today for the victims of acute neurological injuries. Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injuries provides a standardized methodology manual designed to eliminate the inconsistent preparations and variability that currently jeopardizes advances in the field. Contributed by top experts and many original developers of the models, each chapter contains a step-by-step, proven procedure and visual aids covering the most commonly used animal models of neurological injury in order to highlight the practical applications of animal models rather than the theoretical issues. This intensive volume presents its readily reproducible protocols with great clarity and consistency to best aid neuroscientists and neurobiologists in laboratory testing and experimentation. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injuries is an ideal guide for scientists and researchers who wish to pursue this vital course of study with the proficiency and precision that the field requires.
Central nervous system trauma, which encompasses stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, head injury, and spinal cord injury, is a leading cause of death in developed countries. In the search for underlying mechanisms, membrane involvement has been the common link. This fourth volume in the Membrane-Linked Diseases series is therefore dedicated to research on CNS trauma. Focusing on the mechanism of membrane damage, Central Nervous System Trauma: Research Techniques presents a variety of experimental techniques to study the mechanism of CNS trauma. Animal and tissue culture models provide the bulk of the research findings in this area. Possible pharmacological interventions are analyzed. This volume offers numerous illustrative examples, including full color figures. This book serves as a valuable resource for students and researchers, assisting in the comprehension of current trends in CNS trauma and helping to stimulate the discovery of new research areas.
With the contribution from more than one hundred CNS neurotrauma experts, this book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account on the latest developments in the area of neurotrauma including biomarker studies, experimental models, diagnostic methods, and neurotherapeutic intervention strategies in brain injury research. It discusses neurotrauma mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and neurocognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. Also included are medical interventions and recent neurotherapeutics used in the area of brain injury that have been translated to the area of rehabilitation research. In addition, a section is devoted to models of milder CNS injury, including sports injuries.
Prominent experimentalists critically review the animal models widely used in developing powerful new therapies for central nervous system diseases. Coverage includes novel uses of animal models of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, and studies of aging. Techniques that rely heavily on behavioral analyses, as well as models developed from infusions of neurotoxins and from advances in molecular biology, are thoroughly explicated, as are models developed for more acute neurological conditions, including traumatic brain injury and stroke. Comprehensive and authoritative, Central Nervous System Diseases: Innovative Animal Models from Lab to Clinic offers neuroscientists, pharmacologists, and interested clinicians a unique survey of the most productive animal models of the leading neurological diseases currently employed to develop today's innovative drug therapies.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme
Handbook of Innovations in CNS Regenerative Medicine provides a comprehensive overview of the CNS regenerative medicine field. The book describes the basic biology and anatomy of the CNS and how injury and disease affect its balance and the limitations of the present therapies used in the clinics. It also introduces recent trends in different fields of CNS regenerative medicine, including cell transplantation, bio and neuro-engineering, molecular/pharmacotherapy therapies and enabling technologies. Finally, the book presents successful cases of translation of basic research to first-in-human trials and the steps needed to follow this path. Areas such as cell transplantation approaches, bio and neuro-engineering, molecular/pharmacotherapy therapies and enabling technologies are key in regenerative medicine are covered in the book, along with regulatory and ethical issues. - Describes the basic biology and anatomy of the CNS and how injury and disease affect its balance - Discusses the limitations of present therapies used in the clinics - Introduces the recent trends in different fields of CNS regenerative medicine, including cell transplantation, bio and neuro-engineering, molecular/pharmacotherapy therapies, and enabling technologies - Presents successful cases of translation of basic research to first-in-human trials, along with the steps needed to follow this path
To improve the quality of life for victims of traumatic spinal cord and brain injury, a better understanding of how microstructural mechanical behavior influences bulk tissue and vice versa is necessary. Two aspects that warrant attention in this matter are primary injury and neural electrode-tissue interactions. While their respective biomechanics are measurable at the macroscopic level, it is difficult to measure microscopic deformations during injury in situ and in vivo experimentally. To overcome this limitation, we develop experimentally validated computational approaches to predict the multiscale translations involved in white matter tissue injury, and probe-tissue interfaces. In the first part of this dissertation, we developed approaches to model primary injury at the axon level. First we developed 3-D axon kinematic models to infer axonal strain as a function of tissue-level stretch. Embryonic chick spinal cord tissue was exposed to controlled stretch and axon tortuosity and kinematics were characterized in 3-dimensions. We determined that greater proportions of axons are predicted to behave with affine, composite-like kinematics. Next, we identified and evaluated contactin-associated protein (Caspr) for use as a fiducial marker in estimating axonal strain and axonal failure thresholds. Spinal cord tissue was exposed to controlled stretch, and displacements of immunostained Caspr proteins were measured. Changes in Caspr displacements reflected the applied macroscopic stretch directly at earlier stages of development but this trend deviated with further development. This shift in trend correlated with observations of axon failure at later stages of development, and we predicted axon failure thresholds to decrease with development. In the second part of this dissertation, we developed approaches to model multiscale mechanics in neural probe and tissue interactions. Finite element simulations were developed and experimentally validated to determine insertion and buckling forces for different coating and probe designs. Parameter sweeps of these features determined that probe length and coating thickness had the biggest impact on insertion forces. Next, we used the model to simulate the probe-tissue interface in order to correlate interfacial stress and tissue strain to chronic injury. Stress and strain predictions were made for a variety of probe designs and results were validated with parallel experiments using agarose tissue phantoms. We correlated predictions to gliosis through an in vitro model where astrocytes cultured in collagen gels were cast around a probe and exposed to micromotion. We determined that probe stiffness has a greater effect on chronic injury than size. We were also able to predict minimum strain thresholds for inducing astrocyte activation. The findings in this work help elucidate multiscale transfers in white matter injury and probe-tissue interfaces. These results can be applied to the design of better preventative measures for brain and spinal cord injury (sports and military equipment), as well as neural probes for long-term signal acquisition/stimulation in brain-to-computer interfaces.
The Novartis Foundation Series is a popular collection of the proceedings from Novartis Foundation Symposia, in which groups of leading scientists from a range of topics across biology, chemistry and medicine assembled to present papers and discuss results. The Novartis Foundation, originally known as the Ciba Foundation, is well known to scientists and clinicians around the world.
Despite enormous advances made in the development of external effector prosthetics over the last quarter century, significant questions remain, especially those concerning signal degradation that occurs with chronically implanted neuroelectrodes. Offering contributions from pioneering researchers in neuroprosthetics and tissue repair, Indwel