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Pile foundations have been significantly damaged by liquefaction-induced lateral spreading during earthquakes. There are large uncertainties regarding the effects of various soil properties on this pattern of soil-structure interaction. The main concern of this study is to numerically investigate the role of soil permeability in such lateral spreading scenarios. Through extensive calibration, finite element analysis models were developed in which the response reasonably matched experimental data from shake-table testing and centrifuge testing. The overall impact of permeability on the soil stratum and the pile response was similar for both situations. In most cases, soil displacement increased with increasing permeability, while pile load decreased.
Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering for Protection and Development of Environment and Constructions contains invited, keynote and theme lectures and regular papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (Rome, Italy, 17-20 June 2019. The contributions deal with recent developments and advancements as well as case histories, field monitoring, experimental characterization, physical and analytical modelling, and applications related to the variety of environmental phenomena induced by earthquakes in soils and their effects on engineered systems interacting with them. The book is divided in the sections below: Invited papers Keynote papers Theme lectures Special Session on Large Scale Testing Special Session on Liquefact Projects Special Session on Lessons learned from recent earthquakes Special Session on the Central Italy earthquake Regular papers Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering for Protection and Development of Environment and Constructions provides a significant up-to-date collection of recent experiences and developments, and aims at engineers, geologists and seismologists, consultants, public and private contractors, local national and international authorities, and to all those involved in research and practice related to Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering.
Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction (liquefaction) is a leading cause of earthquake damage worldwide. Liquefaction is often described in the literature as the phenomena of seismic generation of excess porewater pressures and consequent softening of granular soils. Many regions in the United States have been witness to liquefaction and its consequences, not just those in the west that people associate with earthquake hazards. Past damage and destruction caused by liquefaction underline the importance of accurate assessments of where liquefaction is likely and of what the consequences of liquefaction may be. Such assessments are needed to protect life and safety and to mitigate economic, environmental, and societal impacts of liquefaction in a cost-effective manner. Assessment methods exist, but methods to assess the potential for liquefaction triggering are more mature than are those to predict liquefaction consequences, and the earthquake engineering community wrestles with the differences among the various assessment methods for both liquefaction triggering and consequences. State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences evaluates these various methods, focusing on those developed within the past 20 years, and recommends strategies to minimize uncertainties in the short term and to develop improved methods to assess liquefaction and its consequences in the long term. This report represents a first attempt within the geotechnical earthquake engineering community to consider, in such a manner, the various methods to assess liquefaction consequences.
This thesis focuses on the seismic response of piles in liquefiable ground. It describes the design of a three-dimensional, unified plasticity model for large post-liquefaction shear deformation of sand, formulated and implemented for parallel computing. It also presents a three-dimensional, dynamic finite element analysis method for piles in liquefiable ground, developed on the basis of this model,. Employing a combination of case analysis, centrifuge shaking table experiments and numerical simulations using the proposed methods, it demonstrates the seismic response patterns of single piles in liquefiable ground. These include basic force-resistance mode, kinematic and inertial interaction coupling mechanism and major influence factors. It also discusses a beam on the nonlinear Winkler foundation (BNWF) solution and a modified neutral plane solution developed and validated using centrifuge experiments for piles in consolidating and reconsolidating ground. Lastly, it studies axial pile force and settlement during post-earthquake reconsolidation, showing pile axial force to be irrelevant in the reconsolidation process, while settlement is process dependent.
A review of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading and its effects on pile foundations has been presented. A review of currently available methods of analysis for prediction of bending moments and deflections of a single pile subjected to lateral spreading has also been conducted. The methods included in this study are: (a) Deformation method, (b) Japanese Road Association (JRA) method, (c) Limit Equilibrium method, (d) Hybrid force-deformation imposed method, and (e) Finite element method. Numerical analyses were conducted on single piles subjected to lateral spreading, using ABAQUS, based on the first four methods indicated above. The numerical analyses involved three different soil-pile configurations: (a) a two-layer soil profile without a non-liquefiable soil crust, (b) a three-layer soil profile with a non-liquefiable soil crust underlain by liquefiable soil over a dense sand, and (c) a three-layer soil profile like that of case (b) with a lateral deformation constraint at the pile head. The results were compared with a limited number of centrifuge data on single piles. The purpose was to calibrate these methods and assess their ability to capture the measured moment and deflection responses of single piles. The limit equilibrium method and the deformation-imposed method predicted the centrifuge data very well. The JRA method overpredicted both moments and pile deflections by as much as four times. Based on deformation imposed method, parametric analyses were also conducted to study the influence of: (i) the crust thickness, (ii) the liquefied layer thickness, (iii) the non-liquefied bottom layer thickness, (iv) the pile diameter, and (v) the lateral pile head deflection constraint, on pile response subjected to lateral displacements induced by soil liquefaction. The effects of these parameters on single pile response are presented.