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The primary objective was to provide information to the flight controls/flying qualities engineer that will assist him in determining the incremental flying qualities and/or pilot-performance differences that may be expected between results obtained via ground-based simulation (and, in particular, the six-degree-of-freedom Langley Visual/Motion Simulator (VMS)) and flight tests. Pilot opinion and performance parameters derived from a ground-based simulator and an in-flight simulator are compared for a jet-transport airplane having 32 different longitudinal dynamic response characteristics. The primary pilot tasks were the approach and landing tasks with emphasis on the landing-flare task. The results indicate that, in general, flying qualities results obtained from the ground-based simulator may be considered conservative-especially when the pilot task requires tight pilot control as during the landing flare. The one exception to this, according to the present study, was that the pilots were more tolerant of large time delays in the airplane response on the ground-based simulator. The results also indicated that the ground-based simulator (particularly the Langley VMS) is not adequate for assessing pilot/vehicle performance capabilities (i.e., the sink rate performance for the landing-flare task when the pilot has little depth/height perception from the outside scene presentation). Grantham, William D. Langley Research Center RTOP 505-66-01-02...
Approach and landing performance of XB-70 aircraft.
A study of the handling qualities of large airplanes in the approach and landing flight phase was performed. An in-flight simulation experiment utilizing the USAF-AFWAL/Calspan Total In-flight Simulator was carried out to gather data for the analysis effort. A one-million pound statically unstable airplane model was used as a baseline about which variations were made. The primary variables were relative pilot position with respect to center of rotation, command path time delays and phase shifts, augmentation schemes and levels of augmentation. Both longitudinal and lateral-directional characteristics were investigated. The experiment design, conduct of the experiment, and analysis of the data are described. Results are presented in the form of pilot ratings, pilot comments and various analysis techniques. The results indicate that the approach and landing task with very large airplanes is a fairly low bandwidth task. Low equivalent short-period frequencies and relatively long time delays can be tolerated. As the pilot position is moved aft towards and then behind the center of rotation, pilot position is moved aft towards and then behind the center of rotation, pilot ratings are degraded. A multiloop analysis of pitch attitude and altitude control gave insight into this pilot position phenomenon.
Simulation techniques are applied to the problems of determining aircraft handling qualities. Analog computers, fixed-base simulators, and various other ground machines are discussed. In particular, the theory and actual techniques of in-flight simulators of the variable-stability type are considered. The conclusion is drawn that the solution of the various problems of handling-qualities requirements and of control systems development requires the use of ground-based simulators and in-flight simulators as complementary tools. (Author).