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An indicator is a measure of synthesis, thus representing an abstraction of a situation. Therefore, the indicators can have different functions, from offering the possibility to describe a situation, to the ability to simplify and measure that same situation being, par excellence, a means of communication (HOERNIG and SEASONS, 2004, quoting Innes, 1990 and Hoernig, 2001). Their utility is crucial to a great variety of scientific studies, typically in spatial planning and cohesion analysis, therefore, it's in this way that they are used to study the Services of General Interest in the SeGI project (ESPON) - Indicators and perspective for services of general interest in territorial cohesion and development. Services of general interest are seen as "a key element in the European model of society" and are defined as 'market and non-market services which public authorities class as being of general interest and subject to specific public service obligations'. (EC: 2001/C17/04). This definition is too wide and a classification of 6 main domains (infrastructure, ICT Telecommunication, labor market, education, care services and social housing) was proposed. The Eurostat data for regional scale is very limited in number, availability and regional coverage. In this paper a literature review of more than 35 documents have been done in order to understand regional differentiation and the most effective indicators to evaluate the effects of services of general interest. The analysis show common problems that emerges in EU level. A first aspect is related to differential accessibility to the SEGI. We find a territorial differentiation in the supply of SEGI for each of the domains, where different questions and thematic emerges. Linked to infrastructure domain, question that is highlighted in literature review points to: density, length and rate of use of motorways and railways lines, air traffic, but specially, accessibility to flights. In health theme, literature review points to the question of provision of services, namely in low density and rural areas. But more important is the social accessibility conditions, that depends on persons category and also to the continuity and quality of the services. Despite the difficulties with information availability, the discussion is need, in particular in the present context of crises and political changes conducting to privatization of social services. The role of social services to cohesion in unquestionable as regional European inequalities shows. This paper has been financed by the ESPON applied research project 2013/1/16 Indicators and Perspectives for Services of General Interest in Territorial Cohesion and Development as part of Activity 6. The economic support from ESPON is gratefully acknowledged. The content in this paper does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the ESPON Monitoring Committee.
European societies and economies continue to rely on Services of General Interest (SGI) to produce legitimacy. Fair access to basic services such as transport, energy and communication infrastructures, education and health care is regarded as a cornerstone of the 'European Model of Society', as a way to promote Territorial Cohesion and lastly, as a right held by every EU citizen. These collective, regional and individual perspectives on Services of General Interest are in the focus of this edited volume. In the light of postmodern societies, demographic aging, migratory patterns, globalization and economic crises territorially sensitive challenges arise and targeted solutions are needed accordingly.
This is the third book in the series Legal Issues of Services of General Interest. The book focuses upon a set of research questions on the recent developments in the emergence of services of general interest (SGIs) as a distinct EU concept. This includes, inter alia, the emergence of universal service obligations and the way they are regulated in the EU in primary and secondary law, the range of soft law communications adopted by the Commission to create a distinctive EU concept of SGIs, the residual role of hard law in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), the special problems created by Social Services of General Economic Interest and the interaction of procurement and state aid law with SGIs. A new perspective is offered in this book: some of the issues faced by the EU in accommodating SGIs into a regulatory framework are found also in the policy of the WTO and in least developed countries (LDCs).
The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com/doi/view/10.4324/9781315401867, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. This book brings together academics, members of European institutions, and regional and national level policymakers in order to assess the performance and direction of EU Cohesion policy against the background of the most significant reforms to the policy in a generation. Responding to past criticisms of the effectiveness of the policy, the policy changes introduced in 2013 have aligned European Structural and Investment Funds with the Europe 2020 strategy and introduced measures to improve strategic coherence, performance and integrated development. EU Cohesion Policy: Reassessing performance and direction argues that policy can only be successfully developed and implemented if there is input from both academics and practitioners. The chapters in the book address four important issues: the effectiveness and impact of Cohesion policy at European, national and regional levels; the contribution of Cohesion policy to the Europe 2020 strategy of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth; the importance of quality of government and administrative capacity for the effective management of the Funds; and the inter-relationships between institutions, territory and place-based policies. The volume will be an invaluable resource to students, academics and policymakers across economics, regional studies, European studies and international relations.
This volume, developed by the Observatory together with OECD, provides an overall conceptual framework for understanding and applying strategies aimed at improving quality of care. Crucially, it summarizes available evidence on different quality strategies and provides recommendations for their implementation. This book is intended to help policy-makers to understand concepts of quality and to support them to evaluate single strategies and combinations of strategies.
The recent State Aid Modernization has decentralized the enforcement of State aid law. In particular, under the General Block Exemption Regulation a number of aid schemes do not require the preventive “check” by the European Commission, while national courts play a growing role in private enforcement of State aid law. This insightful book analyzes the enforcement of State aid law in the aftermath of the State Aid Modernization, identifying a number of emerging trends at the national and EU level.
Economic and financial crises have brought the rise of unemployment, reduction of economic growth and emergence of global imbalances and tensions as countries and regions have suffered the effects of a variety of internal and external shocks. In this context of constant disruption, the scientific community has struggled to provide satisfactory answers to current economic challenges within standard frameworks. Focusing on the interconnections between innovation and resilience, this edited book contributes to a better understanding of how the crisis affects innovation and the capacity of territories to adapt and evolve. It offers both theoretical and empirical contributions that debate the notions of resilience in regional and urban contexts and serve as case studies related to innovation strategies and territorial clusters.
In a globalizing and expanding world, the need for research centered on analysis, representation, and management of landscape components has become critical. By providing development strategies that promote resilient relations, this book promotes more sustainable and cultural approaches for territorial construction. The Handbook of Research on Methods and Tools for Assessing Cultural Landscape Adaptation provides emerging research on the cultural relationships between a community and the ecological system in which they live. This book highlights important topics such as adaptive strategies, ecosystem services, and operative methods that explore the expanding aspects of territorial transformation in response to human activities. This publication is an important resource for academicians, graduate students, engineers, and researchers seeking a comprehensive collection of research focused on the social and ecological components in territory development.