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Though some believe that the Indian treaties of the 1870s achieved a unity of purpose between the Canadian government and First Nations, in From Treaties to Reserves D.J. Hall asserts that - as a result of profound cultural differences - each side interpreted the negotiations differently, leading to conflict and an acute sense of betrayal when neither group accomplished what the other had asked. Hall explores the original intentions behind the government's policies, illustrates their attempts at cooperation, and clarifies their actions. While the government believed that the Aboriginal peoples of what is now southern and central Alberta desired rapid change, the First Nations, in contrast, believed that the government was committed to supporting the preservation of their culture while they adapted to change. Government policies intended to motivate backfired, leading instead to poverty, starvation, and cultural restriction. Many policies were also culturally insensitive, revealing misconceptions of Aboriginal people as lazy and over-dependent on government rations. Yet the first two decades of reserve life still witnessed most First Nations people participating in reserve economies, many of the first generation of reserve-born children graduated from schools with some improved ability to cope with reserve life, and there was also more positive cooperation between government and First Nations people than is commonly acknowledged. The Indian treaties of the 1870s meant very different things to government officials and First Nations. Rethinking the interaction between the two groups, From Treaties to Reserves elucidates the complexities of this relationship.
Documents the experiences of Aboriginal people, their history and recent negotiations in Ontario, providing insight into the historiography of the treaty-making process in the last 25 years.
Drawing on themes from John MacKenzie’s Empires of Nature and the Nature of Empires (1997), this book explores, from Indigenous or Indigenous-influenced perspectives, the power of nature and the attempts by empires (United States, Canada, and Britain) to control it. It also examines contemporary threats to First Nations communities from ongoing political, environmental, and social issues, and the efforts to confront and eliminate these threats to peoples and the environment. It becomes apparent that empire, despite its manifestations of power, cannot control or discipline humans and nature. Essays suggest new ways of looking at the Great Lakes watershed and the peoples and empires contained within it.
A wide-reaching, inter-disciplinary examination of the links between New England and the Maritimes.
The Fry site (33Lu165) was an Ottawa (Odawa) farmstead on the lower Maumee River of Ohio that existed A.D. 1814-1832. Excavations revealed an Ottawa bark burial with trade goods, a cabin or shack, and an animal pen or compound. The material culture consisted of a wide variety of Native and Euro-American manufactured artifacts, including trade silver. The bark burial with trade goods is dated A.D. 1780-1809, slightly earlier than the farmstead occupation. The farmstead is connected with the Roche de Boeuf and Wolf Rapids bands of Ottawa that were removed to Kansas Territory in 1832. The Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma are the descendants of these Maumee River Ottawa.
A Brief History of the Saugeen Peninsula is historical non-fiction and as the title suggests it is by no means exhaustive. It is a treatise that presents the history and culture in broad strokes covering the early history of the Anishnaabek (Ojibwa) of the Saugeen (Bruce) Peninsula as well as their relationship with the Crown during the colonial period of Upper Canada. The first section of the book highlights the historical periods of the settling of the peninsula by the Ojibwa through the War of 1812. This is followed by the treaty-making era and relationships with missionaries. The historical section finishes with the paternalism of the early days of the Indian Act through modern times. The second section of the book gives a glimpse into the culture of the Anishnaabek. Topics such as Ojibwa characteristics, language, religion, and trade. Band designations, wampum and dodems are explained as well as gatherings, games and stories. Lifestyle is also covered illustrating the cyclical movements throughout the territory following the seasons from the main villages to hunting camps in winter, to sugar making in the early spring, to the fishing camps in late spring.
Over the last thirty years Canadian policy on aboriginal issues has come to be dominated by an ideology that sees aboriginal peoples as "nations" entitled to specific rights. Indians and Inuit now enjoy legal privileges that include the inherent right to self-government, collective property rights, immunity from taxation, hunting and fishing rights without legal limits, and free housing, education, and medical care. Underpinning these privileges is what Tom Flanagan describes as "aboriginal orthodoxy" - the belief that prior residence in North America is an entitlement to special treatment. Flanagan shows that this orthodoxy enriches a small elite of activists, politicians, administrators, and well-connected entrepreneurs, while bringing further misery to the very people it is supposed to help. Controversial and thought-provoking, First Nations? Second Thoughts dissects the prevailing ideology that determines public policy towards Canada's aboriginal peoples. In this updated edition, Flanagan analyzes the developments of the last ten years, showing how a conflict of visions has led to a stalemate in aboriginal policy-making. He concludes that aboriginal success will be achieved not as the result of public policy changes in government but through the actions of the people themselves.
"[Vol. 1] contains all the leading Exchequer Court cases [1881-1888] hitherto unreported. The appendix comprises short notes of all the Exchequer Court cases [1876-1888] which have been published from time to time in the Reports of the Supreme Court of Canada."--Note, v. 1.