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Note: Freedmen are Afro-Americans.
Given by Eugene Edge III.
The Final Rolls, also known as The Dawes Rolls, of the Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory; list the names of the individuals who were allowed on the tribal rolls by the Dawes Commission. The final rolls can be searched to discover the enrollee's name, sex, blood degree, and census card number. The census card may provide additional genealogical information. Each of these five tribes have their own requirements for citizenship and still to this day continue to use the Final Roles (AKA The Dawes Rolls) as the basis for determining tribal membership by ancestry. They generally require applicants to provide proof of lineage from anyone listed on these rolls. Some Native nations, such as Cherokee, may not require proof of a blood degree to become registered as a citizen. The Final Rolls comes in 2 volumes: The Index to the Final Rolls. & The Final Rolls of the Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory The Final Rolls is meant to accompany The Index of the Final Rolls, which are the lists of individuals (and registration numbers) who were accepted as eligible for a federal tribal membership within the -Five Civilized Tribes-. These Native tribes are: Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles.
Examines the problems of the Indian tribes in trying to maintain a self-derived culture, while adapting to the alien influences of the white man's society during the nineteenth century
The Rolls contain more than 101,000 names from 1898-1914 (primarily from 1899-1906). They can be searched to discover the enrollee's name, sex, blood degree, and census card number. The census card may provide additional genealogical information, and may also contain references to earlier rolls, such as the 1880 Cherokee census. A census card was generally accompanied by an "application jacket." The jackets then sometimes contain valuable supporting documentation, such as birth and death affidavits, marriage licenses, and correspondence. Today these five tribes continue to use the Dawes Rolls as the basis for determining tribal membership. They usually require applicants to provide proof of descent from a person who is listed on these rolls.
In Pious Citizens, Ringer tells the story of a major intellectual revolution in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century India and Iran, one that radically transformed the role of religion in society. At this time, key theological debates revolved around Zoroastrianism’s capacity to generate “progress” and “civilization.” Armed with both the destructive and creative capacities of historicism, reformers reevaluated their own religious tradition, molding Zoroastrian belief and practice according to contemporary ideas of rational religion and its potential to create pious citizens. Ringer demonstrates how rational and enlightened religion, characterized by social responsibility and the interiorization of piety, was understood as essential for the development of modern individuals, citizens, new public space, national identity, and secularism. She argues persuasively that reformers believed not only that social reform must be accompanied by religious reform but that it was in fact a product of religious reform. Pious Citizens offers new insights into the theological premises behind the promotion of secularism, the privatization of religion, and the development of new national identities. Ringer’s work also explores growing connections between the Iranian and Indian Zoroastrian communities and the revival of the ancient Persian past.