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Beginning in the 1860s, the Russian Empire replaced a poll tax system that originated with Peter the Great with a modern system of income and excise taxes. Russia began a transformation of state fiscal power that was also underway across Western Europe and North America. States of Obligation is the first sustained study of the Russian taxation system, the first to study its European and transatlantic context, and the first to expose the essential continuities between the fiscal practices of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Using a wealth of materials from provincial and local archives across Russia, Yanni Kotsonis examines how taxation was simultaneously a revenue-raising and a state-building tool, a claim on the person and a way to produce a new kind of citizenship. During successive political, wartime, and revolutionary crises between 1855 and 1928, state fiscal power was used to forge social and financial unity and fairness and a direct relationship with individual Russians. State power eventually overwhelmed both the private sector economy and the fragile realm of personal privacy. States of Obligation is at once a study in Russian economic history and a reflection on the modern state and the modern citizen.
It is only in the last two or three years that the taxation regime within the Russian Federation has achieved a relatively settled character. Now the clear outline of a coherent tax law system that operates throughout the Federation and all its subject administrations is available in this concise reference, written by a distinguished Russian financial and tax scholar. Among the many essential topics covered are the following: historical, economic, and political background; bases of tax competencies of the State and its subdivisions; principles of assessment and collection; rates and exemptions; determination of taxable corporate profits; penalties, anti-avoidance regulations, and rights to objection and appeal; social security administration; estate, inheritance, and gift taxes; and elimination of double taxation. With numerous explanatory charts and tables, comprehensive and up-to-date bibliographies, and a detailed topical index, Tax Law in Russia is the ideal starting point for international tax practitioners and business persons contemplating transactions involving the Russian Federation.
The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 brought enormous political, economic, and social challenges. Since 1991 fiscal reform has been a pillar of Russia's reform agenda. This book analyzes the effort to adopt a modern tax code where previously there were few recognizable taxes, establish an efficient tax administration where taxpayers had never paid taxes directly, and decentralize the system of governance where power had been centralized and dictatorial. Despite the remarkable achievements, many old and new challenges remain. The authors bring an analytical approach to fiscal reform in Russia, providing a detailed analysis of the tax system and estimates of tax compliance and evasion. The book offers a careful examination of the fiscal architecture of Russia and concludes with a presentation of remaining reform needs and options for Russia. Based on Russia's reform experience, the authors also draw lessons for fiscal reform in other developing and transitional countries. Given the dynamic nature of Russia's economic development, this book will prove a timely and informative resource for academics in economics, public finance, political science and public administration as well as for policy makers. Its lessons will also be useful for officials involved with finance in transition and developing countries.
Starting in the early 1990s, the Baltics, Russia, and other (BRO) countries of the former Soviet Union initiated tax reforms that varied widely at the later stages. Recently, some of the BRO countries, basing decisions on the proposition that lowering of the top marginal income tax rate would significantly benefit economic development and increase tax compliance, have initiated a new stage of tax reforms. This paper reviews country experiences and suggests that (i) overall, there seems to be little evidence of a substantial improvement in income tax revenues resulting simply from a reduction in the top marginal tax rates, and (ii) in the BRO countries, the elasticity of the behavior of economic agents, in terms of labor supply, saving, and investment, with respect to income tax rates is not large, and a reduction of the existing income tax rates is unlikely to lead to a notable expansion of economic activity.
The tax policy, on the one hand, is directed on counteraction to negative effects of an economic crisis, and on the other hand - on creation of conditions for restoration of positive rates of economic growth. In this regard the major factor of the pursued tax policy is need of maintenance of balance of the budgetary system. The main directions of a tax policy allow participants of the tax relations to define reference points in the tax sphere for the three-year period that has to promote stabilization and definiteness of conditions of conducting economic activity in the territory of the Russian Federation. In three-year prospect of 2014-2016 priorities of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of a tax policy remained former that is reflected in the article. Creation of effective tax system, preservation of the tax burden developed by the present moment is in a priority. The emphasis on improvement of tax administration is justified, it finds the reflection in quantitative and qualitative aspects.
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, Russia and the other countries which were members of the USSR have adopted value-added taxes. The value-added tax now provides a very significant portion of total tax revenue in all of these countries. Ideally, the value-added tax will serve as a relatively efficient, neutral, revenue source at the national level. The Russian value-added tax, however, contains a number of unique provisions, reflected in the laws of many of the other transition countries, which cause it to fall short of this standard. These countries also must decide how their value-added taxes are to apply to trade among themselves. This paper describes several of the provisions unique to the Russian value-added tax and analyzes their probable effects. It then discusses the development of arrangements which have evolved to date with respect to applying the value-added tax to trade among the transition countries, and suggests possible answers to the vexing questions raised by this issue.