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"Inclusion and Exclusion of the Urban Poor in Dhaka explores how the inhabitants of poor neighborhoods in Dhaka, Bangladesh, gain inclusion in the city at the face of exclusion. The book considers how the people of poor neighborhoods encounter the exclusionary behavior of city development, and how their inclusionary attempts have influenced the urban design. The book is presented in two parts: first, it explains how people in poor neighborhoods face exclusion because of the imbalance of power and politics. Second, it demonstrates how the existing exclusion of urban poor is affecting their strategies to gain access to urban services through people's power and politics. Focusing on the transdisciplinary field of urban anthropology, the chapters uncover the urban forces, policies and actions that facilitate urban politics. It also investigates the people who live in poor neighborhoods, who in the face of exclusion, have included themselves in urban development planning and design by employing diverse strategies against those forces in the urban politics, e.g., accepting dominance, bargaining, or having control over their lives. This book will recontextualize an ethnographic inquiry into the exclusion and inclusion of the people within city development design, plans and innovations in applications of anthropological theory and methodology. This book will encourage the reader to understand the politics of state's development projects and plans, and furthermore instigate the city government, planners and policymakers to focus on the people's political power and agency that enables them to achieve inclusion. It will therefore be of interest to researchers and students of urban planning and development, urban geography, and urban anthropology, as well as planning professionals and policymakers"--
Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, faces the challenge of providing a quality urban life to its citizens who live in poor neighborhoods due to its rapid urbanization. To understand the definition of quality urban life, I examined here whether people are included in city entitlements such as housing, water, employment, and socio-political life. By "inclusion," I refer to a quality urban life with these entitlements. I explored two basic concepts: 1) the nature of socio-political inclusion and exclusion regarding entitlements; and 2) people's patterns of interactions, strategies, and political actions with powerful actors. To uncover the nature of the relationship between citizens and authorities, and the power of people to gain inclusion, understanding people's political action is an important aspect of this study.I collected primary data from 120 respondents, 72 from the informal neighborhood of Korail and 18 from the Bhashantek Rehabilitation Project (BRP). Another 30 respondents were selected from outside the neighborhoods to get significant voices from those involved with them. These included government officials (e.g., city corporation officials), NGOs, police, and political leaders. This study is mostly qualitative. I adopted methods such as in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation. Respondents were chosen through purposive sampling. I also collected quantitative data to measure respondents' socio-economic conditions in these two neighborhoods.This dissertation challenges a simple-minded understanding of inclusion. I argue that inclusion in one aspect does not necessarily mean being included in others. For instance, although people had access to formal water in Korail, access to sanitation was extremely poor. In addition, greater socio-economic inclusion does not always guarantee political inclusion. Despite living in BRP, a formal state-sponsored project, where housing and utilities were available, the residents experienced obstruction to inclusion in the political spheres of the city and lived under the dominance of a bureaucratic gaze. However, people can use their political networks and organization to achieve greater inclusion. For example, although they lived in an informal neighborhood, the Korail residents were able to participate in formal governance, occupy land for more than fifty years, and gain control over their lives through negotiating with the authorities because they had access to the social and political domains of the city and acted as a "voting bank" in electoral politics.
Inclusion and Exclusion of the Urban Poor in Dhaka explores how the inhabitants of poor neighborhoods in Dhaka, Bangladesh, gain inclusion in the city at the face of exclusion. The book considers how the people of poor neighborhoods encounter the exclusionary behavior of city development, and how their inclusionary attempts have influenced the urban design. The book is presented in two parts: first, it explains how people in poor neighborhoods face exclusion because of the imbalance of power and politics. Second, it demonstrates how the existing exclusion of urban poor is affecting their strategies to gain access to urban services through people’s power and politics. Focusing on the transdisciplinary field of urban anthropology, the chapters uncover the urban forces, policies and actions that facilitate urban politics. It also investigates the people who live in poor neighborhoods, who in the face of exclusion, have included themselves in urban development planning and design by employing diverse strategies against those forces in the urban politics, e.g., accepting dominance, bargaining, or having control over their lives. This book will recontextualize an ethnographic inquiry into the exclusion and inclusion of the people within city development design, plans and innovations in applications of anthropological theory and methodology. This book will encourage the reader to understand the politics of state’s development projects and plans, and furthermore instigate the city government, planners and policymakers to focus on the people's political power and agency that enables them to achieve inclusion. It will therefore be of interest to researchers and students of urban planning and development, urban geography, and urban anthropology, as well as planning professionals and policymakers.
The paper addresses the critical issue of in or exclusion of the urban poor in the NGO provided healthcare service delivery system in Bangladesh. It indicates how a project has excluded the urban poor by developing an analytical framework. Both external and internal factors related with the project seem to influence the utilization rate of the services of the UPHCP centre. It concludes that the urban poor seem to be excluded from the benefits of the project for leakage (that means inclusion error) in Rajshahi City. Additionally, the author is trying to provide relevant, feasible recommendations to ensure future inclusion of the urban poor and enhance accountability as well as institutional and financial sustainability of health care provisioning.
Bangladesh has low levels of urbanization but a high urban population in absolute terms, being one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Rapid urbanization in developing countries brings numerous problems and challenges; urban poverty is one important issue. This important volume presents the findings of a complex and revealing multidisciplinary cohort study conducted in the slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Detailed information was assembled on material, social and economic conditions, livelihoods, health and nutritional status. Together with associated qualitative work, the data forms the basis for understanding groups who are vulnerable to economic and environmental shocks and stresses, and for differentiating strategies which might be adaptive in situations of hardship and scarcity. The author examines many aspects of poverty and vulnerability including livelihoods, work disabling illness and coping strategies, the female workforce, women’s negotiation and well being, marital instability, child labour, and investments in health and nutrition, and utilizes the assembled material to debate on policy options.
Investigates various aspects of Social Structure and Cultural Practices of Slum-dwellers in Dhaka city. It shows that social structure seems to be influencing the cultural life of slum dwellers.
Between 1991 and 2010, Dhaka’s population more than doubled to 15 million. Simultaneously, the city’s contribution to the national economy almost trebled. Clearly, population growth was accompanied by an unmistakable trend of economic growth, and a significant decline in urban poverty and income inequality. On the other hand, Dhaka’s high population density exacerbated serious environmental challenges, and it was soon ranked as one of the world’s least livable cities. In the context of these contradictory signals of rapid urbanization, Dhaka’s Changing Landscape sets to answer three most intriguing questions: Are the poorer segments of urban population, which migrate with dreams for better lives, benefitting from positive economic trends? Are these benefits sustainable? Are these benefits creating scope for this group to have a stake in the city’s growing prosperity? By studying 600 households and applying comparative analysis over a span of 20 years, the authors examine demographic and economic trends to understand the patterns, scale, and complexity of urban poverty, income inequality, and rural–urban migration. Going beyond the space and poverty debate, they enlighten the readers about the quality of life questions, sustainability matters, and gender and generational roles and relations necessary to understand qualitative transformation and migrants’ prospects for a better future.