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In the third and final volume of this series, we examine the implications of the accelerating globalization process for the nation-state. Are globalization, the rise of regional and international institutions, and the international agreements on human rights actually reducing and transforming state sovereignty? Clearly ethnic, racial, and religious identities remain salient, but how do they correspond to, intersect with, and overflow continuous nation-state spaces that are demarcated by legally recognized borders? In what conditions do democratic state-building projects actually enhance political, civil, and social rights, and when do they tend to contribute to the consolidation of elite power? Should democratic forces put their faith in a cosmopolitan vision of global citizenship, especially when they tackle quintessentially international and transnational problems like peace, aboriginal rights, and the protection of the environment? In this volume's collection of contemporary political sociologists' key articles, we present work that explores the exposure of the nation-state and the post-World War II world system to global forces.
What is the role played by local organizations in transnational environmental advocacy networks? Global Environmentalism and Local Politics revisits this question by looking at transnational environmental activism in Brazil, Ecuador, and India. Rodrigues investigates the internal politics of these networks, focusing on their internal balance of power, choice of strategies, and distribution of resources among members at the international, national, and local levels. Contrary to existing assumptions, local organizations, rather than international or national non-governmental organizations, are the key players in these networks, while at the same time mere participation in transnational advocacy efforts does not necessarily lead to the empowerment of local organizations. Participation may, for example, impose unanticipated political and technical burdens, and despite their overarching common goal of environmental preservation, network members may have different understandings of what environmentally sustainable development is and how it can be best achieved.
A careful analysis of the Bank’s own policy papers and reports, which outlines its philosophy of development and the concrete effects of its projects.
The primary objective of this study has been to critically examine the dynamics of rapid deforestation and land degradation in Rondônia, Brazil. As previously emphasized, the analytical framework utilized in this essay has drawn primarily from the fields of political economy and human ecology, an approach recently described as "regional political ecology"(Blaikie and Brookfield 1987). Although characteristic of a growing body of literature focusing on the inter-relationships between human society and environmental degradation (Watts 1983, Hecht 1985, Blaikie 1985, Blaikie and Brookfield 1987, de Janvry and Garcia 1988), such an approach has not been typical of most empirical research on small-farmer settlement and land degradation in tropical forest regions. Not surprisingly then, the conclusions of the present study vary considerably with much "conventional wisdom" on similar topics. Following a brief summary of its principal observation, the conclusions of the present study are analyzed in relation to various theoretical and policy-oriented explanations of tropical deforestation and land degradation. Finally, this study concludes with suggestions for alternative policies aimed at the protection and sustainable management of Rondônia's endangered tropical forest landscapes.
Environmentally Sustainable Development Studies and Monograph Series No. 3. A listing of works published by World Bank sociologists and anthropologists, this bibliography serves as a vehicle for exchanging experiences and promoting interdisciplinar
For over 20,000 years a wealth of many cultures flourished in South America, both in the high Andean mountains and the lowland jungles and savannas. But the coming of European invaders from the 15th century onwards, with their relentless colonization, destroyed many indigenous peoples. Indigenous nations lost as many as 90% of their populations within the first 50 years of European contact. Today the deaths and damage continue. Land, the basis of Amerindian life, is continually being taken by governments, multi-national companies and ‘development’ projects. Amerindian language and culture are under attack, sometimes from unscrupulous forms of fundamentalist Christianity. The Amerindians of South America, Minority Rights Group’s new report No. 15, outlines the threats facing Amerindian peoples today and shows how they are resisting ruthless attempts to exterminate them. Written by Andrew Gray, of the International Working Group on Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), based in Copenhagen, this completely new text draws extensively on information largely from indigenous peoples themselves. With sections on Amerindians and colonial history, Amerindian societies and organizations and detailed country profiles, it is supplemented by a map and a list of some of the many indigenous nations. It ends with a vigorous reaffirmation of continuing Amerindian identity in the face of ethnocidal pressures. A radical reappraisal of Amerindian history, The Amerindians of South America reflects the spirit of resistance to colonization and their quest for self-determination. It is essential reading, not only for anthropologists, development agencies, governments and the media but also for all those who are concerned for indigenous peoples and their continuing survival.