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Tunneling with tunnel boring machines (TBMs) is one of the most mechanized and sophisticated processes within the construction industry. However, there are considerable risks when venturing down several hundred feet where the conditions cannot be accurately determined in advance. Months and years of planning, engineering, profiling, researching, and scheduling go into a typical tunneling project before any ground breaking event. This thesis discussed in detail the growing technologies of the tunneling process using tunnel boring machines (TBM). First, some background information on tunneling and the use of a TBM was provided to introduce the process and the industry being discussed. A tunnel boring machine is unique to each project based on the ground conditions that will be encountered, the diameter and length of the tunnel, as well as several other technical and dynamic factors. After the introduction, the thesis examined a case study of a tunnel project, the Jollyville Transmission Main for the Water Treatment Plant #4 in Austin, Texas. More specifically, one of the TBMs used will be studied in order to maximize production. The details of this project provide an opportunity to discuss production improvements, scheduling impacts, and project costs. Different methods and their effect on the overall project outcome were compared. The case study information was compared with literature, as well as on-the-job information gained from discussions with the project manager, superintendents, and other on-site personnel. This research concluded that given certain circumstances, the use of a continuous conveyor, rather than the muck car/rail method, has potential for a quicker completion schedule and a greater profit for the contractor.
Dieser Band behandelt die Grundlagen der Tunnelbautechnologie: Bohrung, Tunnelvortrieb, Abtransport und Entsorgung des Abraums sowie Sicherungsmaßnahmen. Methoden zur Klassifikation von Gesteinen und technische Einzelheiten der Maschinen werden ebenso diskutiert wie juristische Aspekte. Zahlreiche Beispiele reflektieren den modernen Stand der Technik, illustrieren Anwendungen und veranschaulichen Problemfälle. Das erfahrene, erfolgreiche Autorenteam wendet sich gleichermaßen an erfahrene Tunnelbauer und interessierte Neueinsteiger.
In the past ten years there was a worldwide trend towards increased use of Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM's). This trend covers a broad variety of applications ranging both from small diameters for sewers and other utilities to large diameters for double track railway and even three-lane highway tunnels. The response to this has been the development of both hard rock machines in the direction for application in soft ground, and soft ground TBM's to be used in soft rock. Parallel to the technical development of TBM's towards applications for longer tunnels, running through changing geological conditions, there are needs for the development of lining methods. 'TBM Tunnel Trends' an international lecture serie collection, aims to present the latest scientific and practical state of the art of TBM tunnelling, taking into consideration interactions between machinery and lining. 26 international highly recognized papers.
Tunnel construction has been on the rise for transportation of humans, freight and fluids. For a successful tunneling project, tunneling contractors must have sufficient data about scope of work, project features and characteristics of the ground to estimate the advance rate of a tunnel boring machine (TBM). The main objective of this thesis is to study tunneling case histories and literature to analyze TBM productivity based on ground conditions, diameter and the duration of each project. Project data was tabulated and results are reported in this thesis. The methodology used to conduct the literature relied on databases such as ProQuest, Engineering Village, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and ASCE Library. Additionally, Tunnels and Tunneling International Magazine as well as TBM manufactures' websites were studied. The conclusions of this thesis show that in-depth ground investigations, such as using pilot tunnels, will improve construction productivity of tunnel operations. Other factors impacting productivity include compressive strength of rocks or hard ground, rock abrasivity, tunnel diameter, location of project (whether urban or rural), and other factors as determined in this thesis.
This book covers the management of mechanized tunneling with examples from global projects. It starts with an introduction to mechanized tunneling including management of job organization, planning job sites, portals, or launching boxes in mountains/open fields and urban areas. The management of the transport with belt conveyors, locomotives, and multi-service vehicles is explained with numerical examples. Cost management and basic parameters governing tunneling costs in different countries are discussed. Risk management in mechanized tunneling projects is also explained. Features: Offers the practical issues with setting up a job site, the cost, and logistic issues related to tunneling. Reviews cost management and basic parameters governing tunneling costs in different countries. Covers treatment of spoil management plan and the management of contaminated ground. Explores key points on the logistics and the management of the consumables. Provides the latest international case studies of specific companies. This book is aimed at professionals and researchers in tunneling, civil and mining engineering, and geology.
"This book covers management of mechanized tunnelling with examples from global projects. It starts with an introduction to mechanized tunnelling including management of job organization, planning job sites, portals, or launching boxes in mountains/open fields and urban areas. The management of the transport with belt conveyors, locomotives, and multi-service vehicles is explained with numerical examples. Cost management and basic parameters governing tunnelling costs in different countries are discussed. Risk management in mechanized tunnelling projects is also explained. Features: Offers the practical issues with setting up a jobsite, the cost and logistic issues related to tunnelling. Reviews cost management and basic parameters governing tunnelling costs in different countries. Covers treatment of spoil management plan and the management of contaminated ground. Explores key points on the logistics and the management of the consumables. Provides the latest international case studies of specific companies. This book is aimed at professionals and researchers in tunnelling, civil, and mining engineering, and geology"--
Advances in tunneling technology, notably in the widespread use of closed-face tunneling boring machines, have reduced risks and greatly increased the productivity of underground construction projects. For shallow tunnels in 'soft ground', instabilities can create collapse mechanisms that propagate to the ground surface, while the prediction and control of tunnel-induced ground deformations remain a key challenge. These problems are especially significant for 'mixed face' conditions, where the tunnel boring machine encounters soils of contrasting mechanical and/or hydraulic properties. This thesis uses finite element simulations to investigate the control of face stability and ground deformations for shallow tunnels in soft ground. The primary control parameters of interest are the face pressures imposed by earth pressure balance (EPB) or slurry shield machines, and the grouting pressures used to control deformations around the tail void at the rear of the tunnel shield. Stability is evaluated by methods of (c-phi) strength reduction, for a range of ground conditions including i) undrained failure in low permeability clays with continuous and discontinuous (mixed face) strength profiles; and ii) drained shearing in high permeability sands above and below the water table, where the closed-face conditions at the tunnel face provide an impermeable membrane. The numerical results are synthesized into a series of generalized design charts for immediate application. Numerical simulations using 3D finite element models are also used to investigate the factors influencing ground movements for closed-face tunneling operations using a relatively simple elastic-perfectly plastic model of soil behavior. These analyses show that maximum surface deformations above the tunnel can be estimated by simple addition of constituent sources associated with the face pressure, shield shape (conicity), machine weight (buoyancy) and grouting pressure. The research proposes a simplified method for predicting the surface settlements based on analytical parameterization of the numerical results, enabling direct design of parameters for controlling ground deformations associated with tunneling for mixed-face conditions in clays. The proposed methodology for predicting ground settlement has been evaluated using data from three well-documented case studies: 1) Crossrail C300 beneath Hyde Park in London, where tunnels were bored through units of stiff clay; 2) Downtown Line DTL3 (C933) in Singapore where tunnels traversed an interface between stiff Old Alluvium and overlying soft marine clays; and 3) northern sections of the MTRA Blue Line in Bangkok, where tunnels were built below the interface between soft and stiff clays. The comparisons between computed and measured data from these projects show that the proposed generic design method achieves comparable agreement to site specific numerical simulations and empirical methods such as ANN. Further studies are now needed to extend the model for mixed face conditions with contrasting permeability.
Advance rate (AR) estimation is a crucial factor at the conceptual phase of a tunneling project for preliminary estimation of tunnel boring machines' (TBMs') usage. The primary objective of this research is to develop order of magnitude performance charts for advance rate of TBMs that can be used using the limited information about the tunneling progress at the conceptual phase. The secondary objective of this dissertation is to evaluate factors that impact TBM progress in large diameter applications. Tunnel diameter and uniaxial compressive strength of ground are found to be some of the primary parameters for prediction of advance rate. Statistical analysis was used to produce an advance rate formula. Then performance charts were developed for specific rock conditions. The results were tested with use of case studies. The results of this dissertation showed that the highest amount of overestimation for case studies considered by these performance charts was 16%. The outcome of this dissertation can assist in prediction of tunnel boring machine's advance rate at the conceptual stage of a tunneling project based on uniaxial compressive strength of rock and diameter of the tunnel.