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The key to constructing any high performing pavement system is having a strong, well-compacted base that can support the loads being placed on it. Proper compaction of asphalt, base, subbase materials is probably the single most important thing that can be done to improve the soil's bearing capacity thus ensuring a stable and long lasting final product. Traditionally, compaction of soils and subbase materials has been mostly achieved using heavy rollers. Uniformity of compaction is often the goal however it is rarely achieved. Problem areas of low-quality compaction can exist within a project site that can lead to premature structural failure. The goal of intelligent compaction is to address the quality control gaps in the current practice to improve overall product quality, uniformity, and consistency. Furthermore, intelligent compaction serves to provide a means to consistently and instantaneously provide the project manager, agency, and contractor with compaction information all throughout the entire construction process. In this short book, Professional Engineer Christopher Wanamaker gives a brief history of intelligent compaction and then offers a discussion of several manufacturers' approach to this young technology. Find out the theory behind how this technology works and read about two case studies in which intelligent compaction was utilized on a construction site. Finally, the author discusses the limitations of intelligent compaction what advances are still needed to help make this the technology of choice for future roadway construction projects.
This report describes a study of intelligent compaction (IC) technologies, within the context of actual construction projects, for its potential as a component of INDOT's QC/QA for soils. The output from an IC-equipped roller compaction equipment is a real-time area mapping of the compacted lift stiffness as captured by the IC measure. Data was collected to evaluate the correlation between each of two IC measures-compaction meter value (CMV) and machine drive power (MDP)-and in situ embankment quality test measures, the chief in situ test being the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) test which INDOT uses for soil embankment acceptance testing. Researchers sought to understand how well the IC measures might assess embankment quality as currently evaluated by the in situ measures. Window-averaged IC measures were compared with the in situ DCP test points. For CMV, a variable correlation was found between the average CMV and DCP values from 74 in situ locations. Also, a limited head-to-head comparison of CMV and MDP with the in situ measures provided some indication that MDP should be studied further. Lessons were learned regarding the elimination of bias in future correlation studies, critical provisions to facilitate best data quality, and important aspects of data management. IC technology holds promise for monitoring the consistency of the soil compaction effort and flagging weak areas in real time during compaction operations. However, further insight is needed regarding the correlation of the DCP measure with both types of IC measures for various soil characterizations and field moisture conditions.
While having been successfully used for soil compaction for many years, intelligent compaction (IC) technology is still relatively new for asphalt pavement construction. The potential of using intelligent compaction meter value (ICMV) for evaluating the compaction of asphalt pavements has been hindered by the fact that ICMV can be affected by many factors, which include not only roller operation parameters, but also the temperature of asphalt layer and the underlying support. Therefore, further research is necessary to improve the application of IC for the asphalt compaction. In this study, the feasibility of IC for asphalt compaction was evaluated from many aspects. Based on that, a laboratory IC technology for evaluating asphalt mixture compaction in the laboratory was also developed. In this study, one field project for soil compaction was constructed using IC technology, and a strong and stable linear relationship between ICMV and deflection could be identified when the water content of soil was consistent. After that, more field projects for asphalt compaction were constructed using the IC asphalt roller. The density of asphalt, as the most critical parameter for asphalt layers, along with other parameters, were measured and correlated with the ICMVs. Various factors such as asphalt temperature and the underlying support were considered in this study to improve the correlation between the density and ICMV. Based upon the results of correlation analyses, three IC parameters were recommended for evaluating the compaction quality of resurfacing project. In addition, the geostatistical analyses were performed to evaluate the spatial uniformity of compaction, and the cost-benefit analysis was included to demonstrate the economic benefits of IC technology. Based on the test results of field projects, the IC indices were further utilized to quantify the lab vibratory compaction for paving materials. The compaction processes in the laboratory was monitored by accelerometers. Using Discrete-Time Fourier Transform, the recorded data during compaction were analyzed to evaluate the compactability of paving materials and to further correlate to the field compaction.
Compaction reduces the volume of soil layers, aggregates, asphalt, and air voids. In the conventional compaction method, quality control is an issue since tests are limited to very specific locations, the actual amount of compaction needed is unknown for the operator at the real-time, and properties measured by devices are limited to outbound layers only. While Intelligent Compaction (IC) is a smart technology that provides 100% surface coverage over pavement compaction. Therefore, the quality control and consequently the uniformity of the layer will be significantly improved. IC technology applies to both soil base and asphalt concrete construction. It is also expanding the life span of the roadway. IC is performed by IC rollers equipped with the following: accelerometer, accurate Global Positioning System, Infrared Temperature Sensors, and onboard screens that continuously analyze compaction data. This system collects vibration amplitude and frequency data, roller speed, eccentric force, number of passes and real-time asphalt surface temperature. An accelerometer provides Intelligent Compaction Measurement Value (ICMV). ICMV is a measurement of material stiffness. The utilization of IC technology improves the accuracy of quality control. However, contractors and project owners are yet concerned about the cost efficiency of the approach. This study covers Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of IC and Conventional Compaction. Several analyses are performed over a construction project, it is concluded that IC technology, can optimize agency, user and maintenance cost, construction time, reduce air emissions, and reduce resource usage.
TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 676: Intelligent Soil Compaction Systems explores intelligent compaction, a new method of achieving and documenting compaction requirements. Intelligent compaction uses continuous compaction-roller vibration monitoring to assess mechanistic soil properties, continuous modification/adaptation of roller vibration amplitude and frequency to ensure optimum compaction, and full-time monitoring by an integrated global positioning system to provide a complete GPS-based record of the compacted area--
Gain a stronger foundation with optimal ground improvement Before you break ground on a new structure, you need to analyze the structure of the ground. Expert analysis and optimization of the geo-materials on your site can mean the difference between a lasting structure and a school in a sinkhole. Sometimes problematic geology is expected because of the location, but other times it's only unearthed once construction has begun. You need to be able to quickly adapt your project plan to include an improvement to unfavorable ground before the project can safely continue. Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement is the only comprehensive, up-to-date compendium of solutions to this critical aspect of civil engineering. Dr. Jie Han, registered Professional Engineer and preeminent voice in geotechnical engineering, is the ultimate guide to the methods and best practices of ground improvement. Han walks you through various ground improvement solutions and provides theoretical and practical advice for determining which technique fits each situation. Follow examples to find solutions to complex problems Complete homework problems to tackle issues that present themselves in the field Study design procedures for each technique to simplify field implementation Brush up on modern ground improvement technologies to keep abreast of all available options Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement can be used as a textbook, and includes Powerpoint slides for instructors. It's also a handy field reference for contractors and installers who actually implement plans. There are many ground improvement solutions out there, but there is no single right answer to every situation. Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement will give you the information you need to analyze the problem, then design and implement the best possible solution.