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Atmospheric Water Vapor contains the technical proceedings of the International Workshop on Atmospheric Water Vapor held in Vail, Colorado, on September 11-13, 1979. The papers assess the state-of-the-art in measurement, modeling, and application of atmospheric water vapor properties and highlight important problems that require further effort in order to better understand the atmosphere itself as well as the electromagnetic propagation through the atmosphere. Comprised of 39 chapters, this book begins with a discussion on the optics and spectroscopy of water vapor. Some actual spectra showing the problems specific to the water molecule are described, along with the method used to calculate precise vibration-rotation energy levels and wave functions. Atmospheric infrared transmission measurements in maritime locations are also presented. Subsequent sections explore microwave and millimeter wave phenomena; geoastrophysical applications; and in situ measurements, remote sensing, and meteorology of water vapor. The final chapters deal with the microphysics and atmospheric chemistry of water vapor. This monograph will be of interest to scientists from universities, government agencies, research laboratories, and industry.
After reviewing the nature and derivation of the northern hemisphere water vapor divergence data published by Starr and Peixoto (1958), the author presents a new and more detailed analysis of the divergence field. The relation between the atmospheric moisture divergence and the terrestrial branch of the hydrologic cycle is examined in the light of the geology and physiography of many regions which are associated with marked moisture divergence maxima and minima. The relation between the moisture divergence over the seas and the water budget of the sea surface is considered in a new treatment of the empirically derived correlation between salinity and moisture divergence, resulting in a new formula for the zonal mean salinity as a function of the zonal mean divergence. The latitudinal variation of the landward transport of oceanic moisture is calculated and is the first estimate ever made of this quantity. Finally, the implications of the latent heat transported by moisture are discussed in relation to the formulation of numerical models of the general circulation.
The atmospheric water vapor flux and certain aspects of the water balance over the North American Sector are investigated for the period May 1, 1961 - April 30, 1963. The vertical variation of the flux, as well as the total vertically integrated flux, are investigated from mean monthly data. The flux exhibits important diurnal variations, particularly during the summer south of 50 0N. These variations are primarily the result of diurnal variations in the mean wind, rather than in the moisture, and are particularly well organized over eastern North America, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. Significant interannual changes in the flux are also observed. The relationship of these changes to the interannual changes in flux divergence and precipitation are discussed. The mean vertical distribution of flux divergence is computed for the United States, for the months of January and July. Strong flux convergence in the lowest 100 mb, and divergence in the remainder of the troposphere, was found in July. Flux convergence was found throughout the troposphere in the east in January, with a maximum between 900 and 950 mb, while in the west convergence (with no particularly pronounced maximum) was found above 800 mb, with weak divergence below. Corresponding features of the profiles were found at higher elevations over the west, where the flux divergence above 500 mb is quite significant. Particular emphasis is placed on computations of the vertically integrated vapor flux divergence, and its use in estimating E-P , the mean difference between evaporation and precipitation. Water balance studies, using twice daily observations from the existing aerological network, indicate that reliable mean annual, seasonal, and monthly values of E can usually be obtained for areas of 20 x 105 km2 or larger. The results usually deteriorate rapidly as the size of the area is reduced to less than 10 x 105 km2 . This deterioration is primarily the result of a systematic error pattern, which is tentatively ascribed to the effect of diurnal flux variations, small scale features in the mean flux field, and local station peculiarities. The annual and seasonal values of E-P are computed for the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico and are in excellent agreement with independent estimates. Mean values of E-P are computed for North America north of the United States-Mexican border, and individually for the major watersheds of the continent. Latitudinally averaged values show a minimum between 55°N and 65°N. More comprehensive balance studies were made over the United States and southern Canada. Of particular interest is the computation of mean monthly surface and subsurface storage changes directly from measured streamflow and vapor flux data. Consistent and reasonable storage changes are computed for the area as a whole, which indicate an average seasonal variation of around 8 cm. Little net storage change was computed during the two year period for the whole area, but substantial changes were indicated over the western part of the region during the first year, and over the eastern part during the second year. These changes appear to be in qualitative agreement with independent indicators. Rough computations of mean monthly evapotranspiration are made for the United States and southern Canada, using precipitation and flux divergence data. Values exhibit the expected seasonal variations, with a maximum of around 8 cm/mo in summer and a minimum of 1-2 cm in winter. Computations for the larger subdivisions of this area give values which appear, for the most part, to be reasonable.
Water circulates continuously and seamlessly on Earth with little regard for the boundaries we draw. There are natural boundaries as between land and ocean and surface and subsurface environments, as well as human or demographic boundaries between nations, cultures, and religions. Although considered necessary by societies, these human-created boundaries disrupt natural water circulation, leading to serious water-related environmental problems. The dilemma of how to manage water beyond our boundaries remains, and nations have different ways and means of controlling each form of water, whether as vapor, surface water, groundwater, or seawater. Recent findings on the interaction of water from land, oceans, and the atmosphere encourage researchers to undertake collaborative work that goes beyond the boundaries of each discipline, be it oceanography, surface and subsurface hydrology, climatology, or glaciology. Drawing on all these fields, the book focuses on two major boundaries: that between surface water and ground water, and that between terrestrial water and ocean water. This comprehensive work is of great value to experts in academia, international organizations, consulting firms, water resources, fisheries, and urban development planning agencies.
Water – drinkable, usable water – is likely to be one of the most limiting resources in the future, given the growing global population, the high water demand of most agricultural production systems, and the confounding effects of climate change. We need to manage water wisely – efficiently, cost-effectively and equitably – if we are to avoid the calamity of a lack of usable water supply. Forested watersheds provide an estimated 75 percent of the world’s accessible freshwater resources, on which more than half the Earth’s people depend for domestic, agricultural, industrial and environmental purposes. Forests therefore, are vital natural infrastructure, and their management can provide “nature-based solutions” for a range of water-related societal challenges. This edition of Unasylva explores that potential.