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Fidelis Allen situates violent conflict in the Niger Delta in the context of failure by government to effectively implement relevant oil-related environmental policies intended to achieve sustainable development, arguing that oil and environment-related conflicts in the region are reflections of this failure. This failure is premised on the notion that the goal of sustainable development, as clearly outlined in Nigeria’s National Environmental Policy and implied in various other policies, can be pursued through the activities of government, individuals and business organisations that are capable of engendering economic and social progress for communities that depend on the environment for their survival. In fact, available evidence shows that government and oil company activities (or failures to act) actually contribute to the despoliation of the environment in the Niger Delta. Despite existing environmental legislations and guidelines, unsafe waste disposal, flaring of gas and oil spillage remain key features of oil industry operations in the Niger Delta. Not surprisingly, the book highlights a lack of synergy between government and oil company activities, and the attainment of sustainable development as a key goal of the environmental policy of the government. In other words, the activities of the government and oil companies do not sufficiently promote sustainable development. The net consequence is reflected in the frustrations of local justice and environmental movement groups about the political processes which deter (rather than enable) their agitation for improvements in local living conditions and development in the Niger Delta. Over time, those frustrations begin to manifest at different levels, including aggressive and violent behaviours against oil companies and government security agencies for their contributory roles.
Attempts to Import Weapons
Constitutions can play a central role in responding to environmental challenges, such as pollution, biodiversity loss, lack of drinking water, and climate change. The vast majority of people on earth live under constitutional systems that protect the environment or recognize environmental rights. Such environmental constitutionalism, however, falls short without effective implementation by policymakers, advocates and jurists. Implementing Environmental Constitutionalism: Current Global Challenges explains and explores this 'implementation gap'. This collection is both broad and deep. While some of the essays analyze crosscutting themes, such as climate change and the need for rule of law that affect the implementation of environmental constitutionalism throughout the world, others delve deeply into geographically contextual experiences for lessons about how constitutional environmental law might be more effectively implemented. This volume informs global conversations about whether and how environmental constitutionalism can be made more effective to protect the natural environment.
A major new independent scientific assessment, carried out by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), shows that pollution from over 50 years of oil operations in the region has penetrated further and deeper than many may have supposed. The assessment has been unprecedented. Over a 14-month period, the UNEP team examined more than 200 locations, surveyed 122 kilometres of pipeline rights of way, reviewed more than 5,000 medical records and engaged over 23,000 people at local community meetings. The environmental restoration of Ogoniland could prove to be the world's most wide-ranging and long term oil clean-up exercise ever undertaken if contaminated drinking water, land, creeks and important ecosystems such as mangroves are to be brought back to full, productive health. The report key findings are alarming both in terms of human health protection and environmental protection: some areas, which appear unaffected at the surface, are in reality severely contaminated underground; at least 10 Ogoni communities where drinking contaminated water; control and maintenance of oilfield infrastructure in Ogoniland has been and remains inadequate; the impact of oil on mangrove vegetation has been disastrous. The report recommends direct actions in order to address the Niger Delta contamination by oil and warns that the restoration of the area could take up years.
Reflecting a global trend, scores of countries have affirmed that their citizens are entitled to healthy air, water, and land and that their constitution should guarantee certain environmental rights. This book examines the increasing recognition that the environment is a proper subject for protection in constitutional texts and for vindication by constitutional courts. This phenomenon, which the authors call environmental constitutionalism, represents the confluence of constitutional law, international law, human rights, and environmental law. National apex and constitutional courts are exhibiting a growing interest in environmental rights, and as courts become more aware of what their peers are doing, this momentum is likely to increase. This book explains why such provisions came into being, how they are expressed, and the extent to which they have been, and might be, enforced judicially. It is a singular resource for evaluating the content of and hope for constitutional environmental rights.
Examines critical links between local content requirements and the application of sustainable development treaties in global energy markets.
In a world of earthquakes, tsunamis, and hurricanes, it is evident that emergency response plans are crucial to solve problems, overcome challenges, and restore and improve communities affected by such negative events. Although the necessity for quick and efficient aid is understood, researchers and professionals continue to strive for the best practices and methodologies to properly handle these significant events. The Handbook of Research on Environmental Policies for Emergency Management and Public Safety is a pivotal reference source for the latest research findings on the examination of environmental policies and its interface with management and public safety from various country's perspectives, its local impacts and global lessons. Featuring extensive coverage on relevant areas, such as public-private partnership, disaster management, and natural resource management, this publication is an ideal resource for academicians, practitioners, and researchers interested in understanding the effects of environmental policies on emergency management.
Environmental Security in Africa: Conflicts, Politics, and Development investigates the nature, scope, and dimension of environmental security in Africa from a multidisciplinary perspective to examines the history, theories, spatial patterns, sociocultural, socioeconomic consequences, and legal ramifications of Africa’s environmental concerns. This book is grounded in theories that cut across the social, behavioral, and environmental sciences, arguing that environmental security is a multifaceted subject intricately linked to global climate change and magnified by globalization. Drawing from case studies across different parts of Africa, Elisha Jasper Dung, Leonard Sitji Bombom, Augustine Avwunudiogba, and the contributors argue that the integral part of the solution to Africa’s environmental security issues are entrenched in victims' local, regional, social, cultural, political, and economic circumstances in specific geographical locations, such as Nigeria, Northeast Africa, Kenya, and South Sudan. Comprised of 17 chapters, this book provides a unique perspective that facilitates understanding the complex problem of environmental security and its sundry ramifications for scholars and policymakers.