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GAO provided information on the likelihood of growers in California, Washington, and Oregon facing seasonal farm labor shortages in 1989 because of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), focusing on: (1) the extent to which growers were dependent on the unauthorized alien work force; (2) changes growers made in their labor management and farming practices to meet IRCA-induced labor reductions; and (3) growers' views on and use of federal programs to provide legal farm labor. GAO found that: (1) about 55 percent of growers in the three states reported some use of unauthorized alien farm workers in 1987 and about 40 percent reported that over half of their seasonal work force was unauthorized; (2) because about 75 percent of growers stated that they provided documents to aid some of their workers in applying for legal status, the actual use of unauthorized aliens could be higher; (3) about 70,000 unauthorized alien farm workers applied for legalization under IRCA in addition to the 1.3 million aliens who applied for legalization under the Special Agricultural Workers Program; (4) the majority of growers expected a labor shortage in 1989 due to IRCA, but did not expect to offer benefits to attract workers; (5) growers did not make substantial changes between 1986 and 1989 in their farming practices to employ fewer workers; (6) no more than 12 percent of growers planned to provide bonuses to returning workers, new or additional housing, or other benefits; (7) farm labor and immigration experts did not expect a labor shortage due to the poor economic conditions in other countries that would result in alien immigration; and (8) in the event of a shortage, growers would probably employ unauthorized aliens rather than accept crop losses.
We examine the effects of local immigration enforcement efforts on U.S. agriculture in dozens of U.S. counties from 2002-2010 by using variations in the timing of adoption of 287(g) programs, which permit local police to enforce immigration law. Difference-in-differences models using microdata from the American Community Survey (2005-2010 waves) and county tabulations from the Census of Agriculture (1997, 2002, and 2007) yield robust evidence that county enforcement efforts have reduced immigrant presence in adopting jurisdictions. We also find evidence that wages of farm workers, patterns of farm labor use, output choices, and farm profitability may have been affected in a manner consistent with farm labor shortages.
Large shifts in the supply of foreign-born, hired farm labor resulting from substantial changes in U.S. immigration laws or policies could have significant economic implications. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the U.S. economy is used to evaluate how changes in the supply of foreign-born labor might affect all sectors of the economy, including agriculture. Two scenarios are considered: an increase in the number of temporary nonimmigrant, foreign-born farmworkers, such as those admitted under the H-2A Temporary Agricultural Program, and a decrease in the number of unauthorized workers in all sectors of the economy. Longrun economic outcomes for agricultural output and exports, wages and employment levels, and national income accruing to U.S.-born and foreign-born, permanent resident workers in these two scenarios are compared with a base forecast reflecting current immigration laws and policies.
Beginning with background perspective on the Fair Labor Standards Act--and ending with specific litigation issues & strategies--here is your one-source reference to the FLSA & its complex legal applications in today's workplace. A team of eminent specialists from the ABA Section of Labor & Employment Law's Federal Labor Standards Legislation Committee gives you insights & tactics including: . history & coverage of the FLSA . what constitutes a violation of the Act . exemptions to the law--including white-collar jobs & other statutory exemptions . how to determine compensable hours, minimum wage, & overtime compensation . special issues for federal & state workers . proper recordkeeping procedures . consequences for retaliation by employers . enforcement of the law--and remedies for violations . emerging & volatile topics including child labor, homework, hot goods violations, & much more . plus specific litigation strategies to meet nearly any challenge you may face in handling cases affected by the FLSA.