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The Melitz model highlights the importance of the extensive margin (the number of firms exporting) for trade flows. Using the World Bank’s Exporter Dynamics Database (EDD) featuring firm-level exports from 50 countries, we find that around 50 percent of variation in exports is along the extensive margin—a quantitative victory for the Melitz framework. The remaining 50 percent on the intensive margin (exports per exporting firm) contradicts a special case of Melitz with Pareto-distributed firm productivity, which has become a tractable benchmark. This benchmark model predicts that, conditional on the fixed costs of exporting, all variation in exports across trading partners should occur on the extensive margin. We find that moving from a Pareto to a lognormal distribution allows the Melitz model to match the role of the intensive margin in the EDD. We use likelihood methods and the EDD to estimate a generalized Melitz model with a joint lognormal distribution for firm-level productivity, fixed costs and demand shifters, and use “exact hat algebra” to quantify the effects of a decline in trade costs on trade flows and welfare in the estimated model. The welfare effects turn out to be quite close to those in the standard Melitz-Pareto model when we choose the Pareto shape parameter to fit the average trade elasticity implied by our estimated Melitz-lognormal model, although there are significant differences regarding the effects on trade flows.
Modern manufacturing systems must be engineered as any other complex systems, especially in the context of their integration. The book first presents the all-embracing concept of the Extended Enterprise as way of inter-enterprise integration. It then focusses on Enterprise Engineering methods and tools to address intra-enterprise integration using a model-based approach. Business process modelling and re-engineering isssues are particularly discussed and tools presented. Formal specification and Petri net-based analysis methods for manufacturing systems complete the set of tools for Enterprise Engineering. Coordination and integration issues of manufacturing systems and their business processes are then covered and examples of integration platforms presented. Finally, standardization and pre-standardization issues related to enterprise modelling and integration conclude the book.
Medical-Legal Evaluation of Hearing Loss, Third Edition includes the most accurate and current developments in the field with more than 250 new references. A comprehensive guide on hearing loss and the law, it examines claims, court cases, and the evolution of hearing conservation. This text addresses age-related hearing loss, genetics of hearing loss, and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) - with a newly revised international standard (ISO-1999, 2013) that presents a comprehensive predictive model for NIHL, critical in medical-legal evaluation. Also examined is hearing loss due to toxins, trauma, and disease, as well as the effects of cardiovascular risk factors, race, and socioeconomic status. Furthermore, included tutorial discussions of acoustics, hearing, and hearing testing will be valuable to attorneys and other nonclinicians. New or expanded topics include: The relationship of hearing loss to brain disordersJob fitnessAccommodations under the Americans with Disabilities ActBlast injuryRecreational music and hearing lossHypothesis of progressive NIHL after noise cessationSolvent ototoxicityAppropriate exchange rate for predicting noise hazardThe American Medical Association’s method of measurement of hearing disability This new edition provides practical guidance for expert witnesses and legal practitioners and is essential for otolaryngologists, audiologists, occupational physicians, attorneys handling hearing loss claims, and claims management professionals.
The global contract security market now totals over $200 billion, with the number of private security officers exceeding that of public law enforcement officers. But this wasn’t always the case. Legends of the Security Services Industry: Profiles in Leadership presents the unique stories of 15 industry legends, who transformed the industry from early private detective and small night watch companies into large-scale contract security companies. The large-scale companies include, but are not limited to, Pinkerton, Burns International, The Wackenhut Corporation, Guardsmark, Wells Fargo, and U.S. Security Associates; as well as today’s leading security companies, Allied Universal, Securitas, G4S, Prosegur, and GardaWorld. The book begins in the nineteenth century, with early U.S. legendary detectives: Allan Pinkerton and William Burns. Then, the book focuses largely from the mid-twentieth century to the present, where successive generations of legends built large-scale contract security companies which competed with, and then acquired, those formed by the early legends. Part II legends George Wackenhut, Ira Lipman, and Tom Wathen; Part III legends, Charles Schneider, Kenneth W. Oringer, William Whitmore, Jr., and Albert Berger; and Part IV, Scandinavian legends Jørgen Philip-Sørensen, Lars Nørby Johansen, and Thomas Berglund, all developed major security companies. Part V includes current global security leaders Helena Revoredo Gut, Stephan Crétier, and Steve Jones. Part VI reviews the timelines and successful leadership of these legendary leaders, with a look at the future of the industry. The legends’ personal stories contain colorful insight into how they capitalized on the industry’s explosive growth. While each generation of legends faced unique social and competitive landscapes, their personal stories illustrate how they respectively succeeded. Their leadership and management prowess enabled them to achieve great success, as they displayed vision and achieved their goals through grit, determination, hard work, charisma, organizational skills, and calculated risk-taking. Each chapter has been extensively researched and includes firsthand accounts based on interviews with living legends, colleagues, and family of deceased legends. Personal, company and signature event photos add further color to the moving narrative. Their stories are not only highly interesting, but also provide a framework for current leaders, and the next generation of entrepreneurs, on how to build and lead large-scale security service companies. With a Foreword from Robert D. McCrie, PhD, longtime John Jay Professor and editor of the renowned industry publication The Security Letter.
On May 4-8, 1987, a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Analytical Uses of Immobilized Biological Compounds was held in Florence, Italy. The Director of the Workshop was Professor George G. Guilbault of the University of New Orleans, and the Co-Director was Professor Marco Mascini of the University of Florence It vas the purpose of this meeting to assemble scientists from all NATO Countries with an interest in immobilized biological compounds. to discuss - methods of immobilization - properties of immobilized compounds - enzyme electrodes and biosensors - optical devices utilizing immobilized enzymes - microbial sensors and clinical uses of immobilized enzymes - flow injection analysis using enzymes - immobilized biological compounds in chemical defense detection - pharmaceutical analysis - uses in industrial analysis - enzyme reactors - air pollution detectors - immunosensors - medical uses and applications - solid state and FET sensors Goals to be achieved by the conference were - to permit an exchange of views and experience in all these areas - to review and critically assess the state-of-the-art in these fields - to set guidelines for future research and establish collaborative projects between scientists in NATO laboratories in the above areas. Thirty-seven lectures were given by 36 speakers in all of the above areas.
At the end of the 1970s, China was a poor country with a huge population, ruled by the Chinese Communist Party. The domestic economy was organized through direct administrative instructions and was isolated from the international economy. After a quarter of a century, China has been transformed beyond imagination. In the course of this transformation, China's policymakers have faced enormous challenges. The essays in this book address different aspects of those challenges. The 'development' challenge involved devising policies that would raise the mass of the Chinese people out of poverty and avoid the disasters that had, in the worst cases, caused millions of deaths through famine. The 'transition' challenge involved, firstly, resolving the relationship between changes in the economic and political systems; and secondly, finding the correct sequence and nature of reforms necessary to improve economic performance. The 'globalization' challenge involved identifying the best way in which to integrate China's economic system with the international economy at a time of revolutionary change in the global business system. These essays seek both to enhance understanding of China's immense success in meeting these challenges in the past and to provide an indication of the challenges that still lie ahead. China's system reforms have been described as 'groping for stones to cross the river'. The journey across the river is far from over, and the other bank is only dimly visible.