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Learn about geology with this insightful resource for students. Discover absolute dating principles and unlock the mysteries of radioactive decay, a fundamental process to determine the age of rocks and fossils. This book simplifies complex concepts into classroom-friendly explanations, focusing on the mechanisms behind radioactive dating methods, including carbon-14 and potassium-argon dating. Perfect for enhancing Earth Science lessons, it provides educators with the tools to explain how scientists use atomic decay to unravel Earth's ancient history. It is ideal for sparking curiosity about the planet's past among young learners.
Learn about geology with this insightful resource for students. Discover absolute dating principles and unlock the mysteries of radioactive decay, a fundamental process to determine the age of rocks and fossils. This book simplifies complex concepts into classroom-friendly explanations, focusing on the mechanisms behind radioactive dating methods, including carbon-14 and potassium-argon dating. Perfect for enhancing Earth Science lessons, it provides educators with the tools to explain how scientists use atomic decay to unravel Earth's ancient history. It is ideal for sparking curiosity about the planet's past among young learners.
With the growing recognition during the last two centuries that the Earth has an immense age and processes over long periods of time have changed the morphology and composition of the Earth's crust, geologists have become increasingly interested in determination of absolute ages. A rela tive geochronology was established on the basis of the lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic principles developed during the last century. With the discovery of radioactivity, the basis for a new geoscientific discipline - geochronology - was established (Rutherford 1906). It is the study of geological time, based mainly on the time signatures provided by the isotopic composition in geologic materials. The isotopic signature in a rock yields more information than that provided by the geochemical signature alone because it reflects the origin and history of the element in the rock. The aim of geochronology is to calibrate and standardize chronostrati graphic scales, to develop geological time scales that have a sensitive or at least useful resolution in order to place the geological events in the correct chronological order, and to assign their proper time spans. In practice, the application of geochronology is much wider because the data in the "natural archives" often provide information on the origin, genesis, and history of the materials. This, of course, requires an understanding of the geochemical behavior of the substances involved.
The time-dependent decay of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes or in-growth of their radioactive or stable daughter products form the basis of radiometric dating of several natural processes. Developed in the beginning of the last century mainly to determine the absolute ages of rocks and minerals, radiometric chronology now plays a central role in a broad range of Earth and planetary sciences - from extra-solar-system processes to environmental geoscience. With the prerequisite of only college-level knowledge in physics, chemistry and mathematics, this concise book focuses on the essential principles of radiometric dating in order to enable students and teachers belonging to diverse fields of studies to select, understand and interpret radiometric dating results generated and published by professionals.
Paleontologists and geologists are interested in the ages of fossils, rocks, and minerals, from which they deduce the ages of geologic strata in the Geologic Column. Scientists make use of radioactive dating methods, such as the radioactive decays of carbon 14, uranium 238, and thorium 232 in fossils and minerals. Accurate age determinations depend on knowing the rate of the radioactive emissions and the relative amounts of initial and product elements in the decay series. However, if an interfering nuclear change took place earlier, the perceived age of the earth deposit would have to be wrong. In 1989, the discovery of cold fusion-the fusion of hydrogen to make helium and energy inside metal electrodes at room temperature-was announced by Drs. Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons at the University of Utah. Soon after, cold fusion research also revealed that nuclear transmutations, forming many new elements, occur liberally. Even purposely-added radioactive uranium and thorium in cold fusion-type cells resulted in transmutations, and the disappearance of up to 95 percent of the radioactivity in hours or minutes. In addition, special water pumps, invented in America and Europe, were discovered to generate "excess heat" and possible nuclear effects by intensely agitating water and creating "cavitation bubbles." In Carbon Dating, Cold Fusion, and a Curve Ball, the author postulates interfering nuclear (element) changes occurring in the Earth, and proposes that extensive element transmutations occurred from intense hydrodynamics during the Flood of Noah (Genesis 6-8). If so, it is conceivable much alteration of radioactive elements took place, rendering unreliable the radioactive dating results in most analyses done today. A relatively simple test of this theory is outlined. The test would use a piece of bismuth metal, a tank of water, and a boat's outboard motor. The book is written for the non-scientist, but those trained in the physical sciences or engineering are invited to examine the new hypothesis of Earth's element transmutations and the consequential alteration of dating earth material by radioactive elements.
Dating the Quaternary, which covers approximately the last 2 million years, has experienced considerable progress over the past few decades. On the one hand, this resulted from the necessity to obtain a valid age concept for this period which had seen tremendous environmental changes and the advent of the genus Homo. On the other hand, instrumental improvements, such as the introduction of highly sensitive analytical techniques, gave rise to physical and chemical innovations in the field of dating. This rapid methodological development is still in full progress. The broad spectrum of chronometric methods applicable to young rocks and artifacts also becomes increasingly intricate to the specialist. Hence, it is my goal to present a comprehensive, state-of-the-art sum mary of these methods. This book is essentially designed as an aid for scientists who feel a demand for dating tasks falling into this period, i. e., Quaternary geologists and archaeologists in the broadest sense. Since it has been developed from a course of lectures for students of geological and archaeological sciences, held at the University of Heidelberg, it certainly shall serve as an introduction for students of these disciplines.
Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject Archaeology, University of Phoenix, language: English, abstract: Today, most of the methods utilized for chronometric dating of fossils are radiometric. Radiometric dating, in general, refers to the dating of material by using the known rate at which certain radioactive isotopes decay, or at what rate there are collective changes due to radioactivity. Even though isotopes of an element can be different when it comes to atomic mass, the atomic number of the isotope is always the same. Radioactive elements decay at unique rates, dependant on the isotope. This rate of decay is known as half-lives, it is the time necessary for 1⁄2 of the atoms to decay in a particular element. The decay follows a geometric scale, in that in the first half-life of an element, 1⁄2 of the atoms decay, yet in the second half-life, 1⁄2 of those remaining decay, meaning a 1⁄4 of the original atoms decay, and so forth. By measuring this decay, and knowing the half life of an element, scientists can date a sample.