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We are delighted to present the Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Science and Technology Applications (ICoSTA-2022) that organized by Research and Community Service Centre of Universitas Negeri Medan (LPPM UNIMED). This conference has brought researchers, academicians and practitioners from the national and international institutions to discuss and sharing around the big theme which is “Innovation in Science and Technology for Sustainable Human Quality Development”. The ICoSTA2022 conference presents 4 distinguised keynote speakers with several expertation including of The Educational and Learning System, Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd, Glass Technology and Materials Science, Prof. Dr. Jakrapong Kaewkhao, expert in the nuclear reactor technology there is Dr. Eng. Topan Setiadipura, S.Si., M.Si, M.Eng and expert in nanostructures for smart sensor devices held by Dr. Mati Horprathum from Thailand. In addition, presenters come from various Government and Private Universities, Institutions, Academy, and Schools. Some of them are researcher from The National Atomic Energy Agency, National Research and Innovation Agency, Institut Technology Bandung, Sriwijaya University, Indonesian Technology Institute, North Sumatera University, University of Surabaya, ITS, UGM, Udayana University, Brawijaya University, Jember University, UNRI, Nusa Cendana University, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, UPI, and several institutions. The additional information, there are 23 institutions including from national and international were interested and get involved in this conference. Besides that, there are 86 papers received by committee, some of which are presented orally in parallel sessions, and others are presented through abstract. The articles have been reviewed with double blind review before accepted and published by EAI publisher. Grateful thanks to Director and Vice Directors and especially for Rector of Unimed who always coordinate the organizing committee, and the team who keeps cooperating in running this conference. We strongly believe that the ICoSTA-2022 conference provides a good forum for all researcher, academician and practitioners to discuss all science and technology aspects that are relevant to sustainable human quality development. We also expect that the future ICoSTA conference will be as successful and stimulating, as indicated by the contributions presented in this volume.
How Nicaraguan immigrants to Costa Rica maintain family across borders
A megadiverse county, Costa Rica is known globally for its success in reversing deforestation and pursuing a growth model based on the sustainable use of its environmental resources. However, energy use and related greenhouse gas emissions increased in the last decade.
Costa Rica is reaping the benefits from the home-grown reform program that has been implemented since 2021 and enabled the country to restore confidence in its policy frameworks, withstand multiple external shocks, and push forward key reforms. Despite strong growth, inflation has fallen sharply. International reserves are on an upward path and public debt is falling.
Costa Rica is seeking to consolidate democratic gains to safeguard trust in government and build economic resilience. This Integrity Review looks at how Costa Rica can translate its recent National Strategy for Integrity and Prevention of Corruption into a concrete and coherent integrity policy.
The OECD review of Gender Equality in Costa Rica: Towards a Better Sharing of Paid and Unpaid Work is the fourth in a collection of reports focusing on Latin American and the Caribbean countries, and part of the series Gender Equality at Work. The report compares gender gaps in labour and educational outcomes in Costa Rica with other countries. Particular attention is put on the uneven distribution of unpaid work, and the extra burden placed on women. It investigates how policies and programmes in Costa Rica can make this distribution more equitable. The first part of the report reviews the evidence on gender gaps and their causes, including the role played by social norms. The second part develops a comprehensive framework to address these challenges, presenting a broad range of options to reduce the unpaid work burden falling on women, and to increase women’s labour income. Earlier reviews in the same collection have looked at gender equality policies in Chile (2021), Peru (2022) and Colombia (2023).
Dive into the intricate and globally significant topic of asylum and refugees with the "Global Atlas of Refugees and Asylum Seekers." This compelling collection of essays, curated by a diverse group of renowned scholars, offers an extensive exploration of migration patterns, paradigms, and lessons from around the world. As you journey through the chapters, you'll gain unique insights into how countries have responded to the unprecedented refugee crisis, examining notable cases such as Costa Rica, the United States, Canada, Chile, Mexico, and many more. Discover the complexities of asylum systems and the changing landscapes of migration policies in nations as diverse as Bulgaria, Italy, Germany, Greece, Sweden, Spain, and North Macedonia. Delve into the geopolitical implications of seeking refuge and asylum, with a comprehensive analysis of the Palestinian diaspora and an exploration of Pakistan, India, Turkey, and the communitarian-based strategy in refugee laws. This essential compendium provides a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics and global challenges surrounding asylum and refugees. With its diverse range of topics and expert contributors, the "Global Atlas of Refugees and Asylum Seekers" is a valuable resource for anyone interested in the complexities of global migration and the policies that shape the lives of those seeking refuge. "The authors of this book identify two main paradigms shaping states’ narratives regarding asylum seekers and refugees. Along the horizontal axis, discourses range from national security to humanitarian aid. On the vertical axis, they extend from the pursuit of ideals, as traditionally defined for refugees and asylum seekers, to personal survival due to economic, climate-related crises, family violence, gender violence, or organized crime. This shift, as highlighted in the chapter on Germany by Professor Knerr, is altering the original vision of agreements that stemmed from post-World War II Europe."
The Political Handbook of the World 2022-2023 provides timely, thorough, and accurate political information, with more in-depth coverage of current political controversies than any other reference guide. The updated 2022-2023 edition continues to be the most authoritative source for finding complete facts and analysis on each country′s governmental and political makeup. Tom Lansford has compiled in one place more than 200 entries on countries and territories throughout the world, this volume is renowned for its extensive coverage of all major and minor political parties and groups in each political system. It also provides names of key ambassadors and international memberships of each country, plus detailed profiles of more than 30 intergovernmental organizations and UN agencies. And this update will aim to include coverage of current events, issues, crises, and controversies from the course of the last two years.
Recent developments. Growth has been resilient despite global headwinds and inflation is on a strong downward trend. The easing of external pressures has allowed the authorities to rebuild reserves, while the ongoing fiscal consolidation has strengthened debt sustainability and contributed to upgraded sovereign ratings.