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Since its inception in 1998, ICANN [Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers] has been charged with promoting competition in the registration of domain names while ensuring the security and stability of the DNS. In 2000 and 2003, ICANN conducted a limited expansion of gTLDs [generic top-level domains]. In 2005 it initiated the process we are discussing today. After 6 years of multi-stakeholder discussion, including input from governments through the governmental advisory committee, ICANN approved the rules for the new gTLD program in the form of an applicant guidebook. Expansion of the gTLD space is expected to provide a platform for city, geographic, and internationalized domain names, among other things. This type of change to the DNS is expected to enhance consumer trust and choice and reinforce the global nature of the Internet. It is also expected that a portion of applications will either be generic words or brand- focused as part of business development, investment, and startup plans.
This topical book examines the regulatory framework for introducing generic Top-Level Domains on the Internet. Drawn up by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), these rules form part of a growing body of transnational private regulation, complementing national and international law. The book elucidates and discusses how ICANN has tackled a diverse set of economic and regulatory issues, including competition, consumer protection, property rights, procedural fairness, and the resolution of disputes.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Passive and Active Measurement, PAM 2012, held in Vienna, Austria, in March 2012. The 25 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 83 submissions. The papers were arranged into eight sessions traffic evolution and analysis, large scale monitoring, evaluation methodology, malicious behavior, new measurement initiatives, reassessing tools and methods, perspectives on internet structure and services, and application protocols.
Expanding the Domain Name System without fully addressing the impact on trademark holders is a risk that Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (“ICANN”) has seemed to embrace. With ICANN's new gTLD program, consumers and companies will soon begin encountering new top-level domains that reflect a company's brand or trademark. Unfortunately, with the inclusion of these so called, brand top-level domains, ICANN is creating potentially disastrous problems for trademark holders, legitimate users, and even consumers: a brand focus limits the use of identical trademarks online and prevents the Domain Name System from having any real and reliable context to distinguish identical trademarks. To mitigate these problems, and to ensure that trademarks can coexist within a trademark-distinguishing context, ICANN should eliminate the brand top-level domain and should focus on context-creating category top-level domains. This Article demonstrates why these problems exist within ICANN's new program and it sets forth a proposal that seeks to mitigate these concerns and to realign the new program with ICANN's own goals.
This book analyses the governance foundations of innovation, brands, inventions, secrets and expression, which are the keys to a century based on knowledge. They are reflected in legal rights that have been fermenting over centuries of national policy deliberations on intellectual property rights, constantly in flux in the face of new advances in science, but overall a trend towards greater protectionism. As countries are challenged by the strictures of international agreements, often extorted through imbalanced power relationships, they seek their own national means for beneficial differentiation from the new global norms, whilst complying with international obligations. This book deals with the outcomes of regional governance of intellectual property, which often creates ripples in the search for harmony in the laws that form the basis for the future of intellectual property. The work has contributions that come from developing and developed nations, showing a common theme of the struggle to find the balance in an area of law that often does not provide clearcut solutions to real world environments. There are many intellectual property struggles illustrated in this work: patent at the boundaries of nature and invention, the need for drug development, which is driven by profit based on the patent monopoly; copyright, the expression of original thought, seeking to maximise exposure facilitated by the internet, but a system that facilitates rampant copying; trade marks, supporting company branding, seeks to exploit global branding through naming domains names; and other areas concomitant to the globalisation of intellectual property governance, such as foreign direct investment. This book holds up a mirror to the issues of world governance of intellectual property rights in this century, asking whether the direction we are currently following is in the best interest of global citizens, and showing the divergence that constraints are stimulating on a national level.