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This book is dedicated to recent advancements in theoretical and computational studies on the interactions of hydrogen and hydrogenated molecules with metal surfaces. These studies are driven by the development of high-performance computers, new experimental findings, and the extensive work of technological applications towards the realization of a sustainable hydrogen economy. Understanding of the elementary processes of physical and chemical reactions on the atomic scale is important in the discovery of new materials with high chemical reactivity and catalytic activity, as well as high stability and durability. From this point of view, the book focuses on the behavior of hydrogen and hydrogenated molecules on flat, stepped, and reconstructed metal surfaces. It also tackles the quantum mechanical properties of hydrogen and related adsorbates; namely, molecular orbital angular momentum (spin) and diffusion along the minimum potential energy landscape on metal surfaces. All of these profoundly influence the outcomes of (1) catalytic reactions that involve hydrogen; (2) hydrogen storage in metals; and (3) hydrogen purification membranes. Lastly, it surveys the current status of the technology, outlook, and challenges for the long-desired sustainable hydrogen economy in relation to the topics covered in the book.
Catalytic steam reforming has grown during the last two or three decades into one of the world's great catalytic processes. It is of major economic significance since the products from it form the feed for a number of other major processes. Nevertheless, catalytic steam reforming is a relatively difficult technology. It operates at high temperatures where problems of the maintenance of materials integrity and of catalyst stability and activity are severe, the establishment of high thermal efficiency of the plant is economically vital, and reactor operation is strongly influenced by mass and heat transport effects. The process is the subject of a thorough review by Dr. J. R. Rostrup-Nielsen who discusses both the basic cataly tic chemistry and the way in which this is interrelated with reactor and plant design. The use of catalytic converters for the purification of automotive exhaust gases is a relatively new technology which was brought into existence by social pressures for the preservation of acceptable environmental conditions. The majority of catalytic practitioners have been able to watch the growth of this technology from its inception to its current state of sophistication. Automotive catalytic converter technology is now in a mature state, and the chapter in this volume by Dr. K. C. Taylor provides a review which covers both the process chemistry and the most important converter design factors.
This book provides an overview of the fundamentals of plasmonic field enhancement phenomena and the recent advancements in the field of hydrogen energy technologies that utilize plasmonics for their performance enhancement. Hydrogen energy is currently a representative clean energy without polluting or greenhouse emission in its use. However, industrial production of hydrogen molecules, or other usable hydrogen-containing molecules, is required for the use of hydrogen energy. It is also important to produce hydrogen in clean, renewable manners, to contribute to the solution of the environmental problems, such as atmospheric pollution and global warming, and of the depletion of energy resources. For the widespread use of hydrogen energy, technical developments particularly for hydrogen production and storage are highly sought after. Free electrons in metals, particularly around metal surfaces or interfaces with dielectric materials, exhibit a strong interaction with electromagnetic fields or light in the form of collective oscillation, named surface plasmons. The electromagnetic field intensity around subwavelength-size metal particles can be highly localized due to the coupling between the incident photons and collective oscillation of free electrons at the metal surface, resulting in focusing of electromagnetic energy density, or namely local field enhancement.
This bestselling textbook on physical electrochemistry caters to the needs of advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of chemistry, materials engineering, mechanical engineering, and chemical engineering. It is unique in covering both the more fundamental, physical aspects as well as the application-oriented practical aspects in a balanced manner. In addition it serves as a self-study text for scientists in industry and research institutions working in related fields. The book can be divided into three parts: (i) the fundamentals of electrochemistry; (ii) the most important electrochemical measurement techniques; and (iii) applications of electrochemistry in materials science and engineering, nanoscience and nanotechnology, and industry. The second edition has been thoroughly revised, extended and updated to reflect the state-of-the-art in the field, for example, electrochemical printing, batteries, fuels cells, supercapacitors, and hydrogen storage.
The two volumes of Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials provide a detailed and comprehensive account of materials for gas sensors, including the properties and relative advantages of various materials. Since these sensors can be applied for the automation of myriad industrial processes, as well as for everyday monitoring of such activities as public safety, engine performance, medical therapeutics, and in many other situations, this handbook is of great value. Gas sensor designers will find a treasure trove of material in these two books.
Solid Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films examines both experimental and theoretical aspects of surface, interface and thin film physics. Coverage of magnetic thin films has been expanded, and now includes giant magnetoresistance and the spin-transfer torque mechanism.
The Conference is the premier international meeting for the presentation of original work addressing all aspects of the theory, design, fabrication, assembly, packaging, testing and application of solid-state sensors, actuators, MEMS, and microsystems.
Sensors and Sensory Systems for an Electronic Nose reviews the current state of progress in the development of an electronic instrument capable of olfaction. The instrument -- the so-called electronic nose -- has enormous potential for application in such areas as product flavor control and environmental monitoring. The book discusses the essential elements of an electronic nose, such as chemical sensors, signal processing, and pattern recoginiton techniques. It is also one of the first contributions to the new and exciting field of machine olfaction.