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The holding power required of an anchor for a ship anchored in shoal water with a length of anchor line at least five times the water depth, i.e., with a scope of five, can normally be assumed to be equal to the estimated drag of the ship. Anchoring in deep water necessitates a relatively shorter anchor line, which results in a considerable hydrodynamic force on the anchor cable and a tension in the cable much greater than the drag of the ship. Curves were computed from which the magnitude and direction of the tensions in the anchor cable can be determined when the drag of the ship, the velocity of the current, the depth of the water, and the type and length of the anchor cable are known. Formulas are given for ship drag, current parameter, breaking strength of wire-rope and chain cables, safe working loads on cables, and holding power of an anchor. An illustrative example applies these calculations to the determination of diameter and length of a wire-rope anchor cable and of size of anchor required in a given problem. (Author).
This handbook deals with the protection of that portion of an ocean cable system which passes through the nearshore zone. This zone is defined as an indefinite area that extends seaward from the shoreline to well beyond the breaker zone. For the purpose of this work, the outer limit of this zone has been established as the distance from shore at which the water depth is great enough that the hydrodynamic effects of storm waves no longer represent a potential danger to the bottom-resting cable. Although this gives a rationale for establishing the nearshore zone, the extent of this region depends on specific site conditions. It could extend offshore to a water depth of at least 100 feet or as much as 600 feet (Valent and Brackett, 1976). The information presented in this handbook is directed primarily toward future cable installations; however, many of the protection systems and most of the design theory can easily be adapted for use in repair of existing installations.
After introducing the theory of the structural loading on ships and offshore structures based on the motions of wind, waves and currents, this text demonstrates its applications to conventional and non-conventional sea vessels, including extensive exercises and examples.
As is the case with many modern fields of study, oceanographical engineering cuts across the boundaries of several disciplines. Like other scientific endeavors, it aims to understand the nature of the ocean and to make use of this understanding for the benefit of humanity through better ports, safer and more economical operations at sea, and greater use of the oceans' natural resources--food, raw materials, and recreation. This graduate-level text requires a knowledge of fluid mechanics; a background in the motions of sediments in fluids is advisable, as is a concurrent course in structural dynamics. Topics include the theory of periodic waves; tsunamis, storm surges, and harbor oscillations; the effect of structures on waves; waves in shoaling water; tides and sea level changes; currents; shores and shore processes; some characteristics of the oceans' waters; moorings; and other related subjects. Certain portions of the book pertaining to the distribution of temperatures and salinities in the ocean are largely descriptive; other portions, such as the sections on waves, are mathematical. Numerous drawings and photographs supplement the text.