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Eva H. Balazs, one of the foremost living authorities on eighteenth century Central Europe, examines a crucial period in the co-existence of the Austrian hereditary provinces and Hungary. In a Europe torn by wars and revolutions, in the last third of the eighteenth century, political, economic and personal factors interwined to determine the fortunes of the Austrian rulers and the subjects of the Hungarian crown who collaborated with them in a subordinated status. Rejecting commonplaces of the centre-periphery approach, the author argues that the Habsburg monarchy was a 'centre' whose reforms in this period inspired all subsequent movements for reform in Eastern and Central Europe. Professor Balazs's skill in combining great wealth of archival material -- not only from Austria, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, but (unprecedented in this field) also from France, gives the reader a near-contemporary proximity to the figures and developments discussed.
Eva H. Balazs, one of the foremost living authorities on eighteenth century Central Europe, examines a crucial period in the co-existence of the Austrian hereditary provinces and Hungary. In a Europe torn by wars and revolutions, in the last third of the eighteenth century, political, economic and personal factors interwined to determine the fortunes of the Austrian rulers and the subjects of the Hungarian crown who collaborated with them in a subordinated status. Rejecting commonplaces of the centre-periphery approach, the author argues that the Habsburg monarchy was a 'centre' whose reforms in this period inspired all subsequent movements for reform in Eastern and Central Europe. Professor Balazs's skill in combining great wealth of archival material -- not only from Austria, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, but (unprecedented in this field) also from France, gives the reader a near-contemporary proximity to the figures and developments discussed.
This book address a number of interrelated themes over two hundred years and more in the political, religious, cultural, and social history of a broad but often neglected swathe of the European continent. It seeks - against the grain of conventional presentations - to apprehend the era from the later seventeenth to the later nineteenth century as a whole, and to demonstrate continuities, as well as casting light on key aspects of the evolution towards modern statehood and national awareness in Central Europe, and the crises of ancien-regime strucutres there in the face of new challenges at home and abroad. Each of the essays - some of which specially written for this volume, and others available for the first time in English - is intended to be free-standing and accessible on its own; but they are also designed to fit together and demonstrate an overall coherence. Much attention is devoted to the Austrian or Habsburg lands, especially the interplay of the main territories which comprised them. A central issue here is the evolution of the kingdom of Hungary, from its full acquisition by the Habsburgs at the beginning of the period to the emergence of the dual Austro-Hungarian Monarchy at the end. But the chapters also range more broadly, both territorially and chronologically. Though much of the scholarship underpinning this masterly exploration may be unfamiliar to many readers, this is a an elegantly written and stimulating collection, which reflects the exploratory and individual character of the essay as a genre.
In this study, Éva Balázs, one of the foremost living authorities on eighteenth-century Central Europe, examines a crucial period in the coexistence of the Austrian hereditary provinces and Hungary. In a Europe torn by wars and revolutions, both partners in this ambivalent relationship are shown to have collaborated in bringing about those reforms in the Habsburg monarchy that later inspired movements for reform around East-Central Europe. A great wealth of hitherto unexplored archival material from several countries is distilled into a uniquely lively picture of the age.
This book describes and analyzes the critical period of 1711-1848 within Hungary from novel points of view, including close analyses of the proceedings of Hungarian diets. Contrary to conventional interpretations, the study, stressing the strong continuity of traditionalism in Hungarian thought, society, and politics, argues that Hungarian liberalism did not begin to flower in any substantial way until the 1830s and 1840s. Hungarian Culture and Politics in the Habsburg Monarchy also traces and evaluates the complex relationship between Austria and Hungary over this span of time. Past interpretations have, with only a few exceptions, tilted heavily towards the Austrian role within the Monarchy, both because its center was in Vienna and because few non-Hungarian scholars can read Hungarian. This analysis redresses this balance through the use of both Austrian and Hungarian sources, demonstrating the deep cultural differences between the two halves of the Monarchy, which were nevertheless closely linked by economic and administrative ties and by a mutual recognition that co-existence was preferable to any major rupture.
This volume presents the ideas of the main actors of the political scene in the Hungarian Kingdom during the long 19th century (1790-1920). Organised around key political thinkers, the book considers the most significant paradigms of thought associated with these figures and the critical political events of the day. Beginning with an introductory overview of 19th-century Hungary in a European context, which includes the main features of Hungarian political thought, 19th-Century Hungarian Political Thought and Culture explores the fundamental characteristics of the country's political system and the geopolitical background to political discourse in the region at the time. The contributors reflect on the stories of some of the most influential voices, as well as their networks, impacts and legacies. Through this, the book is able to offer novel insights into how Western political culture was perceived and adapted in a country long considered by many to belong to the European periphery.
László Péter, whose fourteen carefully selected essays are edited in this posthumous collection, was an indefatigable seeker of the most appropriate terminological modelling and narrative reconstruction of Hungary’s late nineteenth and early twentieth century progress from an essentially feudal entity into a modern European state. The articles examine thorny subjects, such as the growing tensions between the nationalities living within the multi-ethnic kingdom; language rights; autocracy, democracy and civil rights in Hungary perceived in a wider European context; the concept of the ‘Holy Crown’; the army question; church-state relations; the role of the intellectuals; and the changing British perception of Hungary. The central focus of the author’s microscope is reserved for a substantive re-evaluation of the Settlement between Hungary and the Austrian Empire in 1867, which had a decisive impact on the eventual fate of the old kingdom of Hungary and of the rest of Central Europe.
This book tells the story of the Jesuit mission to Cluj, Transylvania (now Romania) from 1693, when the Jesuits were allowed to return after almost a century of restricted activity in the region, until 1773, when the order was suppressed. During these eight decades the Jesuits created a complex, multi-faceted community whose impact reached throughout Transylvania and beyond into neighbouring regions. In addition to an ongoing missionary program in this predominantly non-Catholic region, the Jesuits established a cluster of schools and a university that trained the elite, introduced Baroque architecture, music and literature, and became the masters of extensive properties. The Jesuits' schools staged dramas in several languages, their printing press produced a wide range of publications, including a Hungarian 'ABC for Girls' and a catechism in Ukrainian, and Jesuit scientists, including Miksa Hell, later Court Astronomer in Vienna, conducted experiments and observations. Among the unique features of this study are the accounts of how Jesuits sought to impose social conformity on the ethnically and religiously diverse community, the Jesuits' project to develop a 'Uniate Church' that would retain the Eastern Rite while acknowledging the authority of Rome, and the story of the long-forgotten Jesuit 'brothers', who contributed their talents as craftsmen and artists to the Jesuit enterprise. A chapter is devoted to the ill-fated 1743 mission to Moldavia, in which Transylvanian Jesuits hoped to establish a missionary and educational outpost in this Ottoman-dominated principality. Special attention is given to Jesuit interactions with the many minority groups present in Cluj: Armenians, Jews, Roma (Gypsies), and German speaking 'Saxons', as well as encounters with ethnic Romanians, who made up the majority of the population of Transylvania and among whom the Uniate Church was promoted. Cluj, a city where the cultures of Eastern and Western Europe meet, represented the furthermost penetration into Orthodox Europe of the Baroque aesthetic and of the domination of the Habsburgs, supported and glorified by the Jesuits. The successes and failures of this religious order helped shape the history of the region for the next two centuries.
This volume investigates the history of the representative assemblies of Sweden (the Riksdag), Poland (the sejm) and Hungary (the diaeta) in the final period of the ancien régime. It concentrates on the practices and ideas of parliamentarism and constitutionalism, and examines the ideologies that motivated the members of these parliaments. Attempts at the suppression as well as the restoration of the estates’ power in all these three countries are examined, as well as, in the case of Hungary, the establishment of popular representation that eventually replaced the estates. These three early modern representative assemblies have never before been explored systematically in a comparative framework.
In Scholars in Action, an international group of 40 authors open up new perspectives on the eighteenth-century culture of knowledge, with a particular focus on scholars and their various practices.