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Human Interaction with Electromagnetic Fields: Computational Models in Dosimetry presents some highly rigorous and sophisticated integral equation techniques from computational electromagnetics (CEM), along with practical techniques for the calculation and measurement of internal dosimetry. Theory is accompanied by numerical modeling algorithms and illustrative computational examples that range from academic to full real-world scenarios. Covers both deterministic and stochastic modeling Presents implementations of integral equation approaches, overcoming the limitations of the FDTD approach Presents various biomedical applications
The field of computational bioelectromagnetics has grown rapidly in the last decades, but until now there has not been a comprehensive text on the many aspects of interaction between human beings and electromagnetic fields. This text fills the gap.
Spanning static fields to terahertz waves, this volume explores the range of consequences electromagnetic fields have on the human body. Topics discussed include essential interactions and field coupling phenomena; electric field interactions in cells, focusing on ultrashort, pulsed high-intensity fields; dosimetry or coupling of ELF fields into biological systems; and the historical developments and recent trends in numerical dosimetry. It also discusses mobile communication devices and the dosimetry of RF radiation into the human body, exposure and dosimetry associated with MRI and spectroscopy, and available data on the interaction of terahertz radiation with biological tissues, cells, organelles, and molecules.
This reference explores the sources, characteristics, bioeffects, and health hazards of extremely low-frequency (ELF) fields and radio frequency radiation (RFR), analyzing current research as well as the latest epidemiological studies to assess potential risks associated with exposure and to develop effective safety guidelines. Compiles reports and investigations from four decades of study on the effect of nonionizing electromagnetic fields and radiation on human health Summarizing modern engineering approaches to control exposure, Electromagnetic Fields and Radiation discusses: EM interaction mechanisms in biological systems Explorations into the impact of EM fields on free radicals, cells, tissues, organs, whole organisms, and the population Regulatory standards in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia Pacific Evaluation of incident fields from various EM sources Measurement surveys for various sites including power lines, substations, mobile systems, cellular base stations, broadcast antennas, traffic radar devices, heating equipment, and other sources Dosimetry techniques for the determination of internal EM fields Conclusions reached by the Food and Drug Administration, World Health Organization, and other institutions
Can the electric and magnetic fields (EMF) to which people are routinely exposed cause health effects? This volume assesses the data and draws conclusions about the consequences of human exposure to EMF. The committee examines what is known about three kinds of health effects associated with EMF: cancer, primarily childhood leukemia; reproduction and development; and neurobiological effects. This book provides a detailed discussion of hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization for each. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields also discusses the tools available to measure exposure, common types of exposures, and what is known about the effects of exposure. The committee looks at correlations between EMF exposure and carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, neurobehavioral effects, reproductive and developmental effects, effects on melatonin and other neurochemicals, and effects on bone healing and stimulated cell growth.
The prospect that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) may foster disease is an alarming thought-one which raises such questions as: What are these invisible forces? How are they produced? Is there conclusive evidence that they are harmful to the human body? How do we protect ourselves against possible harm from them? This book addresses these and other questions about magnetic fields, bringing together in a single reference source the scientific background, current status of health research, and means to reduce the impact of EMFs in our environment. Important information is provided for developing policies and procedures related to human interaction with magnetic fields. The authors describe the concept of prudent avoidance, emphasizing its value as a tool in the design, construction, and valuation of homes, offices, retail facilities, and factories. The book provides theory, computer simulation results, measured data, and recommendations for magnetic field management, all of which are useful as a power system design and construction resource. The authors have compiled an impressive summary of the studies, findings, and reports done in the past 15 years in the areas of human health effects which might be attributed to exposure to power frequency magnetic fields. Wherever appropriate throughout text, the authors provide examples to illustrate concepts and include end-of-chapter exercises (with solutions) to help readers solidify their understanding of the material presented. Originally designed as a textbook, this is also an excellent reference in the areas of environmental engineering, city and regional planning, and electrical engineering.
A broad region of the electromagnetic spectrum long assumed to have no influence on living systems under natural conditions has been critically re-examinjld over the past decade. This spectral region extends from the superhigh radio frequencies, through de creasing frequencies, to and including essentially static electric and magnetic fields. The author of this monograph, A. S. Presman, has reviewed not only the extensive Russian literatur!;"l, but also al most equally comprehensively the non-Russian literature, dealing with biological influences of these fields. Treated also is literature shedding some light on possible theoretical foundations for these phenomena. A substantial, rapidly increaSing number of studies in many laboratories and countries has now clearly established bio logical influences which are independent of the theoretically pre dictable, simple thermal effects. Indeed many of the effects are produced by field strengths very close to those within the natural environment. The author has, even more importantly, set forth a novel, imaginative general hypothesis in which it is postulated that such electromagnetic fields normally serve as conveyors of information from the environment to the organism, within the organism, and among organisms. He postulates that in the course of evolution or ganisms have come to employ these fields in conjunction with the well-known sensory, nervous, and endocrine systems in effecting coordination and integration.
The evaluation of electromagnetic field coupling to transmission lines is an important problem in electromagnetic compatibility. Traditionally, use is made of the TL approximation which applies to uniform transmission lines with electrically small cross-sectional dimensions, where the dominant mode of propagation is TEM. Antenna-mode currents and higher-order modes appearing at higher frequencies are neglected in TL theory. The use of the TL approximation has permitted to solve a large range of problems (e.g. lightning and EMP interaction with power lines). However, the continual increase in operating frequency of products and higher frequency sources of disturbances (such as UWB systems) makes that the TL basic assumptions are no longer acceptable for a certain number of applications. In the last decade or so, the generalization of classical TL theory to take into account high frequency effects has emerged as an important topic of study in electromagnetic compatibility. This effort resulted in the elaboration of the so-called 'generlized' or 'full-wave' TL theory, which incorporates high frequency radiation effects, while keeping the relative simplicity of TL equations. This book is organized in two main parts. Part I presents consolidated knowledge of classical transmission line theory and different field-to-transmission line coupling models. Part II presents different approaches developed to generalize TL Theory.
Over the past century, there has been a growing interest in the interactions of electromagnetic fields and biological systems. It was first discovered that cells react and are guided by current flow (galvanotaxism). Since then, there have been other anecdotal reports such as increased bone growth from pulsed magnetic fields and inhibition of cell replication by alternating electric fields. The mechanisms of these reports are still under investigation and in addition, the types of fields investigated are few and far between. This work provides an in-depth analysis of the functional response of multiple breast cell lines under treatment of a new electromagnetic field type. Specifically, the migratory, proliferative, and metabolic response of cells were observed under treatment of a low frequency (100 kHz), electric field induced by an alternating magnetic field. Previous studies on magnetic fields have considered extremely low frequency (120 Hz), while medium frequency studies in the 100 kHz range have consisted of direct electric field application resulting in current flow. In this work, the applied alternating magnetic field induces electric fields within the cellular media or cell body without the need for contact electrodes. This study is the first of its kind, observing a broad range of cellular functions under the treatment of a singular electromagnetic field type. It was found that the induced electric fields were capable of inhibiting cell migration, driving apoptosis under stress, and reducing mitochondrial respiration. Specifically, baseline oxygen consumption of two breast cancer cell lines and one normal breast cell line were significantly reduced with induced electric field treatment. Preliminary data points toward lower ATP generation which may explain observed hindrance of migration and induced apoptosis. The results presented herein represent a significant step toward understanding how electromagnetic fields interact with human cells, particularly cancerous versus non-cancerous cell lines. This work will lead to future studies investigating the use of electromagnetic fields as a possible treatment modality in cancer.
Ever since the early 1940's, electromagnetic energy in the nonionizing spectrum has contributed to the enhanced quality of life in a variety of ways. Aside from their well-known roles in communication, entertainment, industry and science, electromagnetic energy has come into wide spread use in biology and medicine. In addition to the intended purposes, these energies produce other effects which have been shown to influence the life processes of living organisms. It is noteworthy that these energies are not only harmless in ordinary quantities but are actually necessary for modern life, indeed without which life as we know it would be impossible. The purpose of this book is to present a succinct summary of the interaction of electromagnetic fields and waves with biological systems as they are now known. The subject matter is interdisciplinary and is based primarily on presentations scheduled for a joint symposium at the XXII General Assembly of the International Union of Radio Science, held in Tel Aviv, Israel from Tuesday, August 25 to Wednesday, September 2, 1987. The symposium was jointly sponsored by the Bioelectromagnetics Society in cooperation with the International Radiation Protection Association. The choice of topics was made to facilitate the application and to stimulate the use of nonioni zing electromagnetic energy in biology and medicine, and to increase the awareness and to promote the consideration of radiation safety by electrical engineers and experimental physicists.