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"Holy Landscape" is a term frequently used to describe a multidimensional phenomenon. What this actually comprises is hard to define. Precisely this question is addressed in this volume. The "holy landscape" depends on people's Weltanschauung and is influenced by their respective culture and ethos. It is not just a question of religious buildings and rituals, nor is a mere matter of explicating terms such as "pure" and "impure", magic and myths; it is about an expressive space in which the "ceremony and mood of rites and cults" take place. The contributions also deal with the emergence and continuing development of the term "holy landscape" and the changing expressions of religious mood.
The conference was focused on the identification and interpretation of sacred areas principally – but not exclusively – in the ancient Greek world and in the study of Greek religious ideas or religious practice. For example: what did ancient Greece, from the Mesolithic onwards, look like, if it is possible to identify sacred areas on a landscape scale, like ancient Delos or modern Mount Athos, and if the sacred landscapes were differing from the countryside. Another paper offered a new understanding of the role of astronomical observations in the Delphic and Spartan landscapes, the performance of the religious sites in the Spartan sanctuary of Artemis Orthia and the operation of the Delphic oracle. Most of the contributions were directly connected with the cult of Apollo and the history and tradition of the famous sanctuary of Delphi. A different paper examined the treatment of Apollo's journey from Delos to Delphi described in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo. According to a further contributor the network formed by connections between sanctuaries was looser than political federation, but helps to explain why panhellenic sanctuaries were so central to the articulation of Greek identity.
From generation to generation, people experience their landscapes differently. Humans depend on their natural environment: it shapes their behavior while it is often felt that deities responsible for both natural benefits and natural calamities (such as droughts, famines, floods and landslides) need to be appeased. We presume that, in many societies, lakes, rivers, rocks, mountains, caves and groves were considered sacred. Individual sites and entire landscapes are often associated with divine actions, mythical heroes and etiological myths. Throughout human history, people have also felt the need to monumentalize their sacred landscape. But this is where the similarities end as different societies had very different understandings, believes and practices. The aim of this new thematic appraisal is to scrutinize carefully our evidence and rethink our methodologies in a multi-disciplinary approach. More than 30 papers investigate diverse sacred landscapes from the Iberian peninsula and Britain in the west to China in the east. They discuss how to interpret the intricate web of ciphers and symbols in the landscape and how people might have experienced it. We see the role of performance, ritual, orality, textuality and memory in people’s sacred landscapes. A diachronic view allows us to study how landscapes were ‘rewritten’, adapted and redefined in the course of time to suit new cultural, political and religious understandings, not to mention the impact of urbanism on people’s understandings. A key question is how was the landscape manipulated, transformed and monumentalized – especially the colossal investments in monumental architecture we see in certain socio-historic contexts or the creation of an alternative humanmade, seemingly ‘non-natural’ landscape, with perfectly astronomically aligned buildings that define a cosmological order? Sacred Landscapes therefore aims to analyze the complex links between landscape, ‘religiosity’ and society, developing a dialectic framework that explores sacred landscapes across the ancient world in a dynamic, holistic, contextual and historical perspective.
This book traces the origins of the religious system of the Peloponnese to identify the factors behind its subsequent development from the Geometric to the Classical period. Through a presentation of cult places, the deities worshipped, and the epithets used, the book explores preferences for particular deities and the reasons for this.
The earth is marked with the traces of man's ancient past, and Marilyn Bridges's photographs reveal the spiritual forces inherent in our ancestral creations. Her exploration highlights the mysterious Nazca lines painstakingly scored two thousand years ago onto a Peruvian desert landscape the sacred temples and pyramids of the Maya, deep in the Yucatan jungle the enigmatic earthworks of ancient North American Indians and the colossal prehistoric temple of Stonehenge. Taken from daringly low altitudes, Bridges's aerial photographs pose profound questions about the relationship of human culture and the natural world. Essays by Haven O'More, director of the Institute of Traditional Science, Lucy Lippard, and other leading thinkers lend insight into the quest to uncover lost knowledge of the creation of these mysterious markings.
Recent excavations and new theoretical approaches are changing our view of the Cyclades. This volume aims to share these recent developments with a broader, international audience. Essays have been carefully selected as representing some of the most important recent work and include significant previously-unpublished material.
This book is the first study to tackle the relationship between landscape and religion in-depth. Author Matthias Egeler overviews previous theories of the relationship between landscape and religion and then pushes this theorizing further with a rich case study: the supernatural landscape of the Icelandic Westfjords. There, religion and the supernatural--from churches to elf hills--are ubiquitous in the landscape and, as Egeler shows, this example sheds entirely new light on core aspects of the relationship between landscape, religion, and the supernatural.
This report brings together the findings of a decade-long field survey conducted in the Indian state of Sikkim. It outlines the interventions made by the state government in human development, biodiversity, gender equity, justice and other parameters. It also outlines Sikkim's efforts in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015.
This exploration of the Judean priesthood’s role in agricultural cultivation demonstrates that the institutional reach of Second Temple Judaism (516 BCE–70 CE) went far beyond the confines of its houses of worship, while exposing an unfamiliar aspect of sacred place-making in the ancient Jewish experience. Temples of the ancient world regularly held assets in land, often naming a patron deity as landowner and affording the land sanctity protections. Such arrangements can provide essential background to the Hebrew Bible’s assertion that God is the owner of the land of Israel. They can also shed light on references in early Jewish literature to the sacred landholdings of the priesthood or the temple.
As a young man Meron Benvenisti often accompanied his father, a distinguished geographer, when the elder Benvenisti traveled through the Holy Land charting a Hebrew map that would rename Palestinian sites and villages with names linked to Israel's ancestral homeland. These experiences in Benvenisti's youth are central to this book, and the story that he tells helps explain how during this century an Arab landscape, physical and human, was transformed into an Israeli, Jewish state. Benvenisti first discusses the process by which new Hebrew nomenclature replaced the Arabic names of more than 9,000 natural features, villages, and ruins in Eretz Israel/Palestine (his name for the Holy Land, thereby defining it as a land of Jews and Arabs). He then explains how the Arab landscape has been transformed through war, destruction, and expulsion into a flourishing Jewish homeland accommodating millions of immigrants. The resulting encounters between two peoples who claim the same land have raised great moral and political dilemmas, which Benvenisti presents with candor and impartiality. Benvenisti points out that five hundred years after the Moors left Spain there are sufficient landmarks remaining to preserve the outlines of Muslim Spain. Even with sustained modern development, the ancient scale is still visible. Yet a Palestinian returning to his ancestral landscape after only fifty years would have difficulty identifying his home. Furthermore, Benvenisti says, the transformation of Arab cultural assets into Jewish holy sites has engendered a struggle over the "signposts of memory" essential to both peoples. Sacred Landscape raises troublesome questions that most writers on the Middle East avoid. The now-buried Palestinian landscape remains a symbol and a battle standard for Palestinians and Israelis. But it is Benvenisti's continuing belief that Eretz Israel/Palestine has enough historical and physical space for the people of both nations and that it can one day be a shared homeland.