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This book explores frontier issues concerning the localization of Marxism in China by examining historical processes, cultural implications, and contemporary perspectives on this process of indigenization. Emerging in the 1840s in Germany, Marxism has evolved from a German, European, and Western idea into a Chinese, Asian, and Eastern one. This title seeks to answer the question of how Marxism has been adapted to the Chinese context and how it migrated the regions. The first three chapters chart the history of the dissemination of Marxism to adapt to Chinese conditions across three periods – revolutionary times before 1949, the period of socialist construction after 1949, and the reform and opening-up since 1978. The subsequent two chapters analyze the experience of the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, featuring synergistic integration with traditional Chinese culture and the combining of the basic principles of Marxism and China's real-life situation. The final chapter advances suggestions on how to further promote the localization of Marxism and how to develop contemporary Chinese Marxism, faced with new historical conditions. The book will appeal to scholars, students, and general readers interested in contemporary Marxism, Marxism in China, and contemporary Chinese history, politics, and society.
These essays consider the implications for Chinese socialism of the repudiation of the Cultural Revolution and the legacy of Mao Zedong as well as the meaning of the new definition and direction Mao's successors have given socialism. The themes have been selected for conceptual coherence within a socialist problematic of social change. Representing anthropology, art history, economics, history, literature and politics, various inquiries point in a twofold direction - the meaning of socialism for China and the meaning of Chinese Socialism for socialism as a global phenomenon - "meaning" not in some abstract sense but rather as it is constituted in the process of political ideological activity, which articulates and defines social relationships within China as well as China's relationship to the world.
Representing a lifetime of research and writing by noted historian Arif Dirlik, the essays collected here explore developments in Chinese socialism and the issues that have occupied historians of the Chinese revolution for the past three decades. Dirlik engages Chinese socialism critically but with sympathy for the aspirations of revolutionaries who found the hope of social, political, and cultural liberation in Communist alternatives to capitalism and the intellectual inspiration to realize their hopes in Marxist theory. The book's historical approach to Marxist theory emphasizes its global relevance while avoiding dogmatic and Eurocentric limitations. These incisive essays range from the origins of socialism in the early twentieth century, through the victory of the Communists in mid-century, to the virtual abandonment by century's end of any pretense to a socialist revolutionary project by the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. All that remains of the revolution in historical hindsight are memories of its failures and misdeeds, but Dirlik retains a critical perspective not just toward the past but also toward the ideological hegemonies of the present. Taken together, his writings reaffirm the centrality of the revolution to modern Chinese history. They also illuminate the fundamental importance of Marxism to grasping the flaws of capitalist modernity, despite the fact that in the end the socialist response was unable to transcend the social and ideological horizons of capitalism.
A Stanford University Press classic.
This book, first published in 1985, considers the state of Marxist thought in China at the time, a time when the country’s leadership appeared more concerned with attaining modernisation and economic development than Marxist theory. It considers the problems that Chinese Marxist intellectuals were facing and relates them to the actions of the political leadership. The Gang of Four, their ‘utopianism’ and ‘dogmatism’ had been denounced and this book argues that rather than being in retreat, Chinese Marxism was in fact enjoying a productive period.
This groundbreaking study of Chinese Marxism examines the ideology and praxis of Marxism as it has developed in China from its earliest beginnings to current debates. This is the first systematic, full-length analysis of the development and nature of Marxist ideology in China. Adrian Chan challenges established scholarship in both the West and China, which continues to be overshadowed by Cold War dogma and party orthodoxy, respectively. It has long been argued that Chinese Marxism was merely an offshoot of Soviet thought blended with ill-defined traditional Chinese ideas. Using previously neglected Chinese sources--including newspapers, political journals and communist party documents--Chan refutes this. Showing how the first Chinese revolutionaries were directly influenced by the writings of Marx, Chinese Marxism argues that Bolshevism was a secondary influence on Chinese communist thought. Mao himself drew upon Marxian themes in the creation of party orthodoxy. In doing so he signalled his differences from Lenin and Stalin on important issues of theory and practice.However, not all party leaders accepted this Marxian praxis. This has led to continuous conflict between proponents of Maoist Marxism and Soviet-type scientific Marxism-Leninism. Chinese Marxism presents detailed studies of the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution to illustrate the consequences of this ongoing ideological conflict, and brings the story up to the present day with an analysis of the current Thermidorean Reaction and the controversial embracing of Confucianism.
An assessment of the influence of the Marxism of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels on revolutionary developments in China. The work covers the period from the first appearance of the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong until its full transformation by Deng Xiaoping - into a nationalist, developmental, single-party, developmental dictatorship.