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We claim that previously proposed parametric specifications that linearly approximate the term structure of the implied volatility surface (IVS) in option prices fail to capture important information regarding the expectations of market participants. This paper proposes a parametric specification for describing the IVS that allows flexible modeling of the term structure through a Nelson and Siegel (1987) factorization, recently proposed by Diebold and Li (2006) in the context of yield curve modeling. The specification is tested on implied volatilities from the overndash;thendash;counter foreign exchange options market, where contracts with long expiries are actively traded and thus the term structure dimension of the surface should be very important. We first show that the proposed volatility specification can consistently and remarkably improve our ability to describe the surface on any given day. We then establish the economic relevance of the incremental information captured by our proposed specification by showing that it can produce more accurate forecasts of implied volatility that can support longndash;term profitable trading strategies in the absence of transaction costs.
Using a stochastic volatility option pricing model, we show that the implied volatilities of at-the-money options are not necessarily unbiased and that the fixed interval time-series can produce misleading results. Our results do not support the expectations hypothesis: long-term volatilities rise relative to short-term volatilities, but the increases are not matched as predicted by the expectations hypothesis. In addition, an increase in the current long-term volatility relative to the current short-term volatility is followed by a subsequent decline. The results are similar for both foreign currency and the Samp;P 500 stock index options.
Praise for The Volatility Surface "I'm thrilled by the appearance of Jim Gatheral's new book The Volatility Surface. The literature on stochastic volatility is vast, but difficult to penetrate and use. Gatheral's book, by contrast, is accessible and practical. It successfully charts a middle ground between specific examples and general models--achieving remarkable clarity without giving up sophistication, depth, or breadth." --Robert V. Kohn, Professor of Mathematics and Chair, Mathematical Finance Committee, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University "Concise yet comprehensive, equally attentive to both theory and phenomena, this book provides an unsurpassed account of the peculiarities of the implied volatility surface, its consequences for pricing and hedging, and the theories that struggle to explain it." --Emanuel Derman, author of My Life as a Quant "Jim Gatheral is the wiliest practitioner in the business. This very fine book is an outgrowth of the lecture notes prepared for one of the most popular classes at NYU's esteemed Courant Institute. The topics covered are at the forefront of research in mathematical finance and the author's treatment of them is simply the best available in this form." --Peter Carr, PhD, head of Quantitative Financial Research, Bloomberg LP Director of the Masters Program in Mathematical Finance, New York University "Jim Gatheral is an acknowledged master of advanced modeling for derivatives. In The Volatility Surface he reveals the secrets of dealing with the most important but most elusive of financial quantities, volatility." --Paul Wilmott, author and mathematician "As a teacher in the field of mathematical finance, I welcome Jim Gatheral's book as a significant development. Written by a Wall Street practitioner with extensive market and teaching experience, The Volatility Surface gives students access to a level of knowledge on derivatives which was not previously available. I strongly recommend it." --Marco Avellaneda, Director, Division of Mathematical Finance Courant Institute, New York University "Jim Gatheral could not have written a better book." --Bruno Dupire, winner of the 2006 Wilmott Cutting Edge Research Award Quantitative Research, Bloomberg LP
The Volatility Smile The Black-Scholes-Merton option model was the greatest innovation of 20th century finance, and remains the most widely applied theory in all of finance. Despite this success, the model is fundamentally at odds with the observed behavior of option markets: a graph of implied volatilities against strike will typically display a curve or skew, which practitioners refer to as the smile, and which the model cannot explain. Option valuation is not a solved problem, and the past forty years have witnessed an abundance of new models that try to reconcile theory with markets. The Volatility Smile presents a unified treatment of the Black-Scholes-Merton model and the more advanced models that have replaced it. It is also a book about the principles of financial valuation and how to apply them. Celebrated author and quant Emanuel Derman and Michael B. Miller explain not just the mathematics but the ideas behind the models. By examining the foundations, the implementation, and the pros and cons of various models, and by carefully exploring their derivations and their assumptions, readers will learn not only how to handle the volatility smile but how to evaluate and build their own financial models. Topics covered include: The principles of valuation Static and dynamic replication The Black-Scholes-Merton model Hedging strategies Transaction costs The behavior of the volatility smile Implied distributions Local volatility models Stochastic volatility models Jump-diffusion models The first half of the book, Chapters 1 through 13, can serve as a standalone textbook for a course on option valuation and the Black-Scholes-Merton model, presenting the principles of financial modeling, several derivations of the model, and a detailed discussion of how it is used in practice. The second half focuses on the behavior of the volatility smile, and, in conjunction with the first half, can be used for as the basis for a more advanced course.
We construct a statistical model for term-structure of implied volatilities of currency options based on daily historical data for 13 currency pairs in a 19-month period. We examine the joint evolution of 1 month, 2 month, 3 month, 6 month and 1 year 50-delta options in all the currency pairs. We show that there exist three uncorrelated state variables (principal components) which account for the parallel movement, slope oscillation, and curvature of the term structure and which explain, on average, the movements of the term-structure of volatility to more than 95% in all cases. We test and construct an exponential ARCH, or E-ARCH, model for each state variable. One of the applications of this model is to produce confidence bands for the term- structure of volatility.
Provides a thorough discussion of volatility, the most important aspect of options trading. Shows how to identify mispriced options and to construct volatility and "delta neutral" spreads.
Inhaltsangabe:Introduction: Volatility is a crucial factor widely followed in the financial world. It is not only the single unknown determinant in the Black & Scholes model to derive a theoretical option price, but also the fact that portfolios can be diversified and hedged with volatility makes it a topic, which is crucial to understand for market participants comprising a wide group of private investors and professional traders as well as issuers of derivative products upon volatility. The year 1973 was in several respects a crucial year for implicit volatility. The breakdown of the Bretton-Wood-System paved the way for derivative instruments, because of the beginning era of floating currencies. Furthermore Fischer Black and Myron Samuel Scholes published in 1973 the ground breaking Black & Scholes (BS) model in the Journal of Political Economy. This model was adopted in 1975 at the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), which also was founded in the year 1973, for pricing options. Especially since 1973 volatility has become a tremendously debated topic in financial literature with continually new insights in short-time periods. Volatility is a central feature of option-pricing models and emerged per se as an independent asset class for investment purposes. The implicit volatility, the topic of the thesis, is a market indicator widely used by all option market practitioners. In the thesis the focus lies on the implicit (implied) volatility (IV). It is the estimation of the volatility that perfectly explains the option price, given all other variables, including the price of the underlying asset in context of the BS model. At the start the BS model, which is the theoretical basic of model-specific IV models, and its variations are discussed. In the concept of volatility IV is defined and the way it is computed is given as well as a look on historical volatility. Afterwards the implied volatility surface (IVS) is presented, which is a non-flat surface, a contradiction to the ideal BS assumptions. Furthermore, reasons of the change of the implied volatility function (IVF) and the term structure are discussed. The model specific IV model is then compared to other possible volatility forecast models. Then the model-free IV methodology is presented with a step-to-step example of the calculation of the widely followed CBOE Volatility Index VIX. Finally the VIX term structure and the relevance of the IV in practice are shown up. To ensure a good [...]
Praise for Dynamic Term Structure Modeling "This book offers the most comprehensive coverage of term-structure models I have seen so far, encompassing equilibrium and no-arbitrage models in a new framework, along with the major solution techniques using trees, PDE methods, Fourier methods, and approximations. It is an essential reference for academics and practitioners alike." --Sanjiv Ranjan Das Professor of Finance, Santa Clara University, California, coeditor, Journal of Derivatives "Bravo! This is an exhaustive analysis of the yield curve dynamics. It is clear, pedagogically impressive, well presented, and to the point." --Nassim Nicholas Taleb author, Dynamic Hedging and The Black Swan "Nawalkha, Beliaeva, and Soto have put together a comprehensive, up-to-date textbook on modern dynamic term structure modeling. It is both accessible and rigorous and should be of tremendous interest to anyone who wants to learn about state-of-the-art fixed income modeling. It provides many numerical examples that will be valuable to readers interested in the practical implementations of these models." --Pierre Collin-Dufresne Associate Professor of Finance, UC Berkeley "The book provides a comprehensive description of the continuous time interest rate models. It serves an important part of the trilogy, useful for financial engineers to grasp the theoretical underpinnings and the practical implementation." --Thomas S. Y. Ho, PHD President, Thomas Ho Company, Ltd, coauthor, The Oxford Guide to Financial Modeling