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During metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster, various larval tissues, such as the salivary glands (SG) are destroyed through PCD (programmed cell death). However, an exception is the larval fat body, which undergoes changes during metamorphosis resembling those of metastatic cancer cells. Instead of being destroyed by PCD, the fat body tissue remodels from a sheet of closely attached cells into loosely associated individual cells. The study of the fat body is of great importance because it can aid in our understanding of processes such as tumor metastasis and wound healing. The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) plays a key role in the development of Drosophila melanogaster (Woodard et al., 1994). 20E functions by binding to a heterodimer of two nuclear receptors, EcR (ecdysone receptor) and USP (ultraspiracle) (Bond et al., 2011). Two 20E pulses signal the end of the larval and prepupal developmental stages, respectively. Changes in 20E levels regulate the transcription of genes involved in the fly metamorphosis. Among the regulated genes are betaftz-f1 and E74A (Woodard et al., 1994). betaftz-f1 encodes a nuclear receptor required for 20E function. betaftz-f1 transcription is necessary for fat body remodeling and salivary gland PCD. Premature expression of betaftz-f1 in third instar larval fat body leads to premature fat body remodeling, but only in the presence of 20E (Bond et al., 2011). E74A is required for PCD in the salivary glands, but its function in fat body remodeling has not yet been determined (Chimeh, 2012). Previously it has been shown that blocking of betaftz-f1 expression increases E74A expression in the fat body (Almonacid, 2012). This suggests the hypothesis that betaFTZ-F1 represses E74A expression. Thus, my prediction is that premature expression of betaftz-f1 will result in E74A downregulation and premature fat body remodeling. To test my hypothesis, I worked with late third instar larvae in which betaftz-f1 was expressed prematurely in the fat body. I compared E74A transcript levels in the fat body of these transgenic animals to those in wild-type controls by using real-time quantitative PCR to analyze the effect of betaFTZ-F1 on E74A transcription. My findings support my hypothesis and suggest that betaFTZ-F1 represses E74A transcription in the larval fat body. This provides a potential mechanism for inhibiting PCD in the fat body during metamorphosis.
In this study, I proposed that the ectopic expression of Bftz-fl in D. melanogaster third instar larvae during the first 20E pulse will trigger the premature expression of E93, resulting in premature fat body remodeling. My results to date have shown that ectopic expression of Bftz-f1 in third instar larva leads to premature expression of E93 and fat body remodeling. Transmission electron microscopy showed that autophagosomes are present in dissociating fat bodies suggesting that the fat body fuels the process of metamorphosis by releasing nutrients.
I hypothesized that diap1 is expressed in the larval fat body throughout metamorphosis and that this helps to inhibit PCD in this organ. To test this hypothesis, I examined diap1 transcript levels in wild type Drosophila using qPCR. In addition, I determined the expression of diap1 in larval fat body of flies with a diap1 RNAi construct. My results demonstrate that diap1 is expressed in the larval fat body during prepupal and early pupal development. Preliminary findings showed that Drosophila expressing the diap1 RNAi construct failed to undergo normal fat body remodeling. This finding suggests that diap1 is necessary for the normal timing of fat body remodeling and the successful development of Drosophila.
All animals face the possibility of food limitation and ultimately starvation-induced mortality. This book summarizes state of the art of starvation biology from the ecological causes of food limitation to the physiological and evolutionary consequences of prolonged fasting. It is written for an audience with an understanding of general principles in animal physiology, yet offers a level of analysis and interpretation that will engage seasoned scientists. Each chapter is written by active researchers in the field of comparative physiology and draws on the primary literature of starvation both in nature and the laboratory. The chapters are organized among broad taxonomic categories, such as protists, arthropods, fishes, reptiles, birds, and flying, aquatic, and terrestrial mammals including humans; particularly well-studied animal models, e.g. endotherms are further organized by experimental approaches, such as analyses of blood metabolites, stable isotopes, thermobiology, and modeling of body composition.
This new volume of Methods in Cell Biology looks at lipid droplets LDs, covering sections on analyses of LDs in model systems, cell/tissue-specific analyses of LDs and imaging and in vitro analyses of LD biogenesis and growth. Chapters are written by experts in the field. With cutting-edge material, this comprehensive collection is intended to guide researchers of LDs for years to come. Covers sections on analyses of lipid droplets (LDs) in model systems, cell/tissue-specific analyses of LDs and imaging, and in vitro analyses of LD biogenesis and growth Chapters are written by experts in the field Cutting-edge material
This new volume of Current Topics in Developmental Biology covers developmental timing, with contributions from an international board of authors. The chapters provide a comprehensive set of reviews covering such topics as the timing of developmental programs in Drosophila, temporal patterning of neural progenitors, and environmental modulation of developmental timing.
The different aspects of muscle development are considered from cellular, molecular and genetic viewpoints, and the text is supported by black/white and color illustrations. The book will appeal to those studying muscle development and muscle biology in any organism.
This book contains 12 chapters divided into two sections. Section 1 is "Drosophila - Model for Genetics." It covers introduction, chromosomal polymorphism, polytene chromosomes, chromosomal inversion, chromosomal evolution, cell cycle regulators in meiosis and nongenetic transgenerational inheritance in Drosophila. It also includes ecological genetics, wild-type strains, morphometric analysis, cytostatics, frequencies of early and late embryonic lethals (EEL and LEL) and mosaic imaginal discs of Drosophila for genetic analysis in biomedical research. Section 2 is "Drosophila - Model for Therapeutics." It explains Drosophila as model for human diseases, neurodegeneration, heart-kidney metabolic disorders, cancer, pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, dopamine, neuroprotective therapeutics, mitochondrial dysfunction and translational research. It also covers Drosophila role in ubiquitin-carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) protein, eye development, anti-dUCH antibody, neuropathy target esterase (NTE), organophosphorous compound-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). It also includes substrate specificities, kinetic parameters of recombinant glutathione S-transferases E6 and E7 (DmGSTE6 and DmGSTE7), detoxification and insecticidal resistance and antiviral immunity in Drosophila.
Insect Metamorphosis: From Natural History to Regulation of Development and Evolution explores the origin of metamorphosis, how it evolved, and how it is it regulated. The book discusses insect metamorphosis as a key innovation in insect evolution. With most of the present biodiversity on Earth composed of metamorphosing insects—approximately 1 million species currently described, with another 10-30 million still waiting to be discovered, the book delves into misconceptions and past treatments. In addition, the topic of integrating insect metamorphosis into the theory of evolution by natural selection as noted by Darwin in his On the Origin of Species is also discussed. Users will find this to be a comprehensive and updated review on insect metamorphosis, covering biological, physiological and molecular facets, with an emphasis on evolutionary aspects. Features updated knowledge from the past decade on the mechanisms of action of juvenile hormone, the main doorkeeper of insect metamorphosis Aids researchers in entomology or developmental biology dealing with specialized aspects of metamorphosis Provides applied entomologists with recently updated data, especially on regulation, to better face the problems of pest control and management Gives general evolutionary biologists context on the process of metamorphosis in its larger scope
In Wound Regeneration and Repair: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field detail classical and cutting-edge methods for studying wound healing and regeneration. These techniques include cellular and molecular methods, genetic approaches, surgical procedures, clinical advances, drug discovery and delivery modalities, animal and humanized models and new applications in the treatment of pathological wounds in a variety of organs and tissues. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include an introduction to their respective topics, a detailed list of the necessary materials and reagents for each procedure, step-by-step, reproducible laboratory protocols, and a set notes, developed by the authors, for troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Wound Regeneration and Repair: Methods and Protocols seeks to aid scientists and entrepreneurs in their further study of technologies, models, techniques, and critical new areas and approaches to clinical and commercial translation of research.