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In joining the Assoc. of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and ASEAN Free Trade Area, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Viet Nam have agreed to comply with the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) Scheme, which reduces intra-ASEAN tariff rates on certain imports and may reduce gov¿t. revenue. This study proposes tax structure and tax admin. reforms and other policies that can be introduced to enhance revenue collection. They can: Strategically allocate goods among the four CEPT scheme lists; Improve their tax systems by replacing traditional general sales taxes with Value Added Tax; Reduce inefficiencies that impede tax collection and Discourage tax avoidance and evasion and reduce corruption among tax officials.
Provides an introduction to poverty-related data available in Sri Lanka, & monetary measurements of poverty carried out using this data. The lack of an official poverty line in Sri Lanka until June 2004 has over time generated a number of poverty lines & corresponding poverty measures. While these poverty measures have provided a good base for poverty analysis, this paper also touches on the problems generated by the use of multiple methods. The release of the official poverty line by the Dept. of Census & Statistics can be seen as a major step forward in the debate on poverty measurement in Sri Lanka. Charts & tables.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows have increased dramatically in recent decades. As developing countries, particularly in Asia, remove restrictions and implement policies to attract FDI inflows, trade and investment have become increasingly intertwined. As such, there have been growing calls for a multilateral framework of foreign investment rules to be negotiated under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This paper reviews recent developments in FDI flows and their impacts in developing Asia, and the importance of the policy context in which those flows occur. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of including FDI in WTO negotiations, and related policy options for developing Asian economies.
Many financial institutions in developing countries offer savings products. Yet, little has been done to assess systematically and quantitatively the relative merits of different product designs. This paper first examines different designs that provide incentives to clients to commit to save. Mechanisms are divided into depositside mechanisms that help clients make regular deposits, and withdrawal-side mechanisms that help clients restrict the use of their funds except for well-planned uses or emergencies. Then, using results from a short web-based survey of microfinance instititutions, we describe different commitment savings products in use around the world.
A review of a range of natural resources projects prepared during the 1990s by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) suggests that existing practices of economic analysis tend to capture only some of the impacts that such projects typically have. Historically, project analysis at ADB and elsewhere has tended to concentrate on identifying a monetized benefit in excess of 12 percent economic internal rate of return (EIRR) from direct resource use impacts, and simply identifying and describing "nonquantifiable" impacts. With the adoption of the ADB Environment Policy and the growing recognition that it is very often the poorest who suffer most from natural resource depletion and degradation, a case is made that more analytic rigor in capturing as many as possible of the resource impacts of such projects is desirable. This report therefore suggests some specific techniques to strengthen the economic analysis of natural resources projects, including improving the application of the "benefits transfer" method, defining the spatial boundaries of project economic analysis, establishing an appropriate accounting stance for the project, establishing the project's counterfactual (i.e., without-project) situation, and including the health impacts of such projects. The use of appropriate discount rates for sensitivity analysis and for investment decision making are discussed, and guidance is given on presenting the results of a project analysis and summarizing the poverty reduction impact of natural resource management projects.
The ongoing political decentralization in Asia, with central governments devolving to local governments the responsibilities of delivering key development projects and public services, calls for sound local government finance. Local government finance in the region exhibits several problems: deterioration of the fiscal health in many countries, mismatch between the delegated responsibilities and revenue-generating authority, resultant continued heavy reliance on central government transfers, and lack of political will to develop an external financing strategy to tap long-term private resources. In order for local governments to mobilize private savings for long-term infrastructure projects, it is imperative to develop municipal credit markets. Two models of municipal credit markets can be considered: the bank model popular in Western Europe and the bond model widely used in North America. The bond model has theoretically more advantages than the other. However, Asian local governments may start with either model considering the countries' social-cultural-political milieu and keep a proper combination of both models serving different segments of local credit markets.
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A worldwide trend began in the 1980s in both developed & developing countries to restructure their power sectors & reform their regulatory framework. The motivation in developed countries to restructure & reform was mainly to improve sector efficiency, while in the developing countries, it was to move the sector away from reliance on scarce public resources to more private sector financing. Since the Asian Development Bank was involved in restructuring & regulatory reform in many of Asia's developing countries, this report takes stock of the progress made to date in these countries, reviews the relevant experience in some developed countries & Latin America, & identifies the key issues that could have a bearing on its operations in Asia.