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Offering a range of theoretical and conceptual ideas as well as practical examples, this book provides a detailed insight into holistic opportunities for promoting desistance, reducing reoffending, and supporting (re)settlement and (re)integration. Providing a fresh lens through which to view existing debates within desistance and (re)settlement literature, the book encourages different perspectives and a new framing of current approaches. To this purpose, each chapter considers what embedding a person-centered holistic approach within the criminal justice system might look like, including ways of working within the confines of current processes, potential ethical considerations and how to maximize the potential impact to reduce reoffending. Interdisciplinary in approach, Holistic Responses to Reducing Reoffending will appeal to students, scholars, practitioners and policymakers within criminology, criminal justice, penology and prison studies.
While increasing attention has been directed to the legal and criminological aspects of situational crime prevention, focused ethical discussion of the measures involved has been notable by its absence. Situational crime prevention measures are being used increasingly in various forms in cities all around the world. This book addresses the complex ethical challenges related to preventive exclusion that have only been addressed in a limited way in the academic literature. This volume brings together world-leading experts in ethics and penal theory to answer controversial questions about the ethics of preventing crime by exclusion. Situational crime prevention measures—such as gated communities, hostile design, or annoying music or noise—intended to exclude some or all people from an area to prevent crime present important ethical questions. Is the use of exclusionary measures antithetical to the attainment of social justice or to addressing the root causes of crime? If such measures result merely in the displacement of crime, does this mean they are without value, or morally questionable? What are the conceptual relationships between exclusionary measures, civic trust, and moral agency? Do some or all exclusionary measures fail to respect potential offenders as rational agents? When, if ever, is the use of exclusion to prevent crime discriminatory? And do such measures have a morally problematic expressive dimension? This book is invaluable for scholars with an interest in crime prevention, criminal law, and criminal justice. The practical implications will also appeal to practitioners in the criminal justice system involved in the implementation and administration of preventive exclusion.
The policing of rape is in permacrisis. This book addresses the question of why police investigations continue to fail most rape victim-survivors and puts forward a framework for what policing can do to change this. Low conviction rates and poor victim-survivor experiences are the hallmarks of the rape justice gap. Three decades of research, policy, and legal changes have tweaked rape investigations to alleviate some of their ills; however, for the majority of victim-survivors, the process remains gruelling. Police forces are notoriously resistant to reform, even in the face of rapidly declining public trust. The starting point of this book is the recognition that if we want profound change in policing, we must try something new. To do so, the authors move from asking "What is it about rape that makes it so difficult for police to investigate it well?" to asking "What is it about the police that makes it so difficult for police to investigate rape well?". Policing Rape sets out a practice-oriented theoretical framework for radically and sustainably transforming rape investigations, rape prevention, and the quality of officer engagement with victim-survivors. The authors reflect on the journey of putting this framework into practice within Operation Soteria Bluestone as a step on the path towards a radical transformation of rape policing. This book is essential reading for all those looking to understand and improve the policing of rape.
This book explores the stress faced by public safety professionals across an array of occupational fields, such as police, correctional officers, paramedics, and firefighters. Bringing together leading scholars from around the world, it showcases cutting-edge quantitative and qualitative research from across three continents and multiple regions within six countries, introduces key concepts related to occupational and organizational stressors, and provides an overview of the state of current research in key topic areas. Those who have yet to be exposed to the concepts associated with occupational stress injuries, or to the range of theories and methodologies, will be provided with an informative introduction to this topic. It explores the state of current literature on this topic, identifies gaps in our knowledge and approaches to understanding the relationship between occupational stressors and different outcomes, and provides potential responses for reducing or ameliorating occupational stressors experienced by public safety personnel. Aimed at students, academic researchers, public safety practitioners, law enforcement analysts, and public policy-makers, this book will appeal to readers who have some knowledge in this area and are interested in learning more about new and emerging research, as well as those who are well-versed on this topic.
This edited collection sheds light on the evolution of corporate financial crime, exploring a myriad of offenses ranging from money laundering and fraud to market manipulation and bribery. Considering and assessing the models used in national law to determine the culpability of corporations, this book compares the different schemes used to address financial and other organisational crimes committed by these entities. Through a combination of history, law, and global perspectives, its chapters dissect landmark cases and provide detailed analyses of money laundering, fraud, market manipulation, manslaughter, and legislative responses in various locations around the world. This comparative approach offers a unique lens, exploring diverse jurisdictions and shedding light on global patterns of corporate wrongdoing. By critically assessing the challenges of prosecuting economic crimes on a large scale, the collection proposes innovative solutions, including the introduction of ‘failure to prevent’ offences. Corporate Criminal Liability and Sanctions: Current Trends and Policy Changes is a valuable resource for academics, professionals, and anyone intrigued by the ever-evolving realm of white-collar and corporate wrongdoing. It will appeal to scholars across the fields of law, criminology, sociology, and economics, as well as those professionally engaged in preventing and investigating corruption and in developing or enforcing regulation, such as solicitors, barristers, businessmen, and public servants.
Exploring the application, theory, implications and socio-legal underpinnings of human rights in probation and associated offender management, this book examines the organisation and re-organization of the National Probation Service, from the introduction of the Human Rights Act (HRA) to the end of the Transforming Rehabilitation era. Outlining how the duties of probation officers are interpreted in light of the HRA, this book evaluates applicable case law as a means to exemplify and clarify the direct operation of human rights law in instances of potential human rights violations. Chapters also analyse the current and future infrastructure of probation to demonstrate challenges of awareness, implementation and compliance. Based on qualitative data analysed through a socio-legal lens and a human rights framework, themes explored include crime control and due process, and are reflective of the tensions and imbalances experienced between risk or public protection and human rights. The book also includes case studies of Serious Further Offences that have either shed light on the shortcomings in the area of human rights in probation or highlighted factors linked to human rights, including scapegoating, cumulative systemic failures, miscommunications and over-reliance on risk assessments. Finally, it provides clarity as to what the human rights duties of the Service are, what relevant laws apply alongside the HRA, and how these decisions affect risk and offender management. An important and timely study of probation in England and Wales, Human Rights in Probation will be of great interest to academics of probation, criminal justice, and human rights. It will also be of value to Probation officers (including trainees) and other practitioners working in offender management services.
This Handbook brings together the voices of a range of contributors interested in the many varied experiences of women in criminal justice systems, and who are seeking to challenge the status quo. Although there is increasing literature and research on gender, and certain aspects of the criminal justice system (often Western focused), there is a significant gap in the form of a Handbook that brings together these important gendered conversations. This essential book explores research and theory on how women are perceived, handled, and experience criminal justice within and across different jurisdictions, with particular consideration of gendered and disparate treatment of women as law-breakers. There is also consideration of women’s experiences through an intersectional lens, including race and class, as well as feminist scholarship and activism. The Handbook contains 47 unique chapters with nine overarching themes (Lessons from history and theory; Routes into the criminal justice system; Intersectionality; Sentencing and the courts and community punishments; Specific offences; Incarcerated women’s experiences; Mothers and families; Rehabilitation and reintegration; Practitioner relationships), and each theme includes contributions from different countries as well as the experiences of contributors from different stages in their own journey. International and interdisciplinary in scope, this Handbook is essential reading for scholars and students of criminology, sociology, social policy, social work, and law. It will also be of interest to practitioners, such as social workers, probation officers, prison officers, and policy makers.
Academic Set 1 from 'High Scorer’s Choice' series contains 5 full length IELTS practice tests (no. 1-5) and is a must-have study tool to achieve a high band score in IELTS. These tests feel as authentic as the real IELTS papers, and doing them at home is a great way to estimate your real IELTS score. Being a demanding test, IELTS requires a thorough preparation and these tests will help you master exam strategies, polish your techniques and raise your confidence. In this book you will find: •5 full-length Academic IELTS practice tests with answers •Listening recordings (downloadable mp3) with transcripts, locations of answers in sentences are underlined •Sample speaking test recordings (downloadable mp3) with examiner’s report on every student’s performance and an approximate Band score •Reading Answer Help chapter shows why correct answers are the right ones and where they are located in the passages •All writing tasks have model answers provided
Though many more women offenders are supervised in the community than in custody, much less is known about their needs and effective approaches to their supervision, support and treatment. Whilst there has been recent attention paid to responding to the needs of women in prison, negligible attention has been paid to women exiting prison, or on community based orders, and what is needed to work with them to reduce re-offending or entry into prison. Contributions to this book challenge policy-makers and corrections systems to concentrate more on community provision for women offenders and resist popular calls for more punitive responses to all offenders, women included. Contributors come from a wide range of countries including Australia, Canada, UK and USA. They argue that the criminogenic lens applied to women’s offending must be gender-responsive if systems are to be successful at addressing the disadvantage and risk associated with offending behaviour. Working With Women Offenders in the Community builds on ideas presented in the editors’ previous book, What Works With Women Offenders (2007), extending the focus particularly on women offenders in the community rather than in prison. This book concentrates on women who have committed criminal offences and who may have been placed on probation or other community based court orders or who have been released from prison on parole. It discusses the work done by professional workers including probation officers, community corrections officers and specialist case managers in areas such as drug treatment, housing, mental health or employment programmes. This book will be of interest to professional probation officers, case managers, drug treatment workers and others who work with women offenders. It will also be essential reading for students of criminology, social work, psychology, sociology and other disciplines who have an interest in women offenders.
Over the past few years, opposition to the privatisation in public services in the United Kingdom and elsewhere has grown, especially in areas related to criminal justice. Privatisation has existed within the British criminal justice system at least since the early 1990s, but the privatisation of the Probation Service in 2014 was a significant landmark in this process and signalled a larger programme of privatisation to come. Criminal Justice and Privatisation works to examine the impact of privatisation on the criminal justice system, and to explore the potential effects of privatising other areas including the police and the security industry. By including chapters from practitioners and academics alike, the book offers an expansive overview of the criminal justice system, as well as observations of the effect of privatisation at ground level. By also exploring the way the private companies are paid, how they operate and what private companies do, this book offers an insight into and the future of privatisation within the public sector. Written in a clear and direct style this book will appeal to students and scholars in criminology, sociology, cultural studies, social theory and those interested in learning about the effects of privatisation.