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Human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS have received much attention in the last decade. As the major cause of death in young adults, this concern is merited. AIDS has also ushered onto the clinical agenda a number of unusual and interesting pathogens. These have had considerably less attention than the virus itself, but are arguably as important. This book attempts to put into one volume a state of the art review of the basic biology of these opportunistic organisms. When compiling this book, the perceived difficulty was deciding how to restrict the number of chapters, as there is a large number of opportunistic organisms. It soon became clear, however, that the chapters would select themselves, as the work on many of these organisms was still in its infancy. We can be criticized for including Salmonella, which is not thought to be an opportunistic infection, and excluding Cryptococcus. Our defence is that the former has an interesting relationship with HIV and the latter is one of those organisms for which the basic biology is still in its early stages. The authors are all active researchers in their respective fields and we are grateful that they managed to review their subjects in the short turn-around time required for a book such as this not to be needlessly outdated on publication. We hope that, if nothing else, this book stimulates interest and more research on these agents: perhaps, in future editions, there will be much more to describe on their molecular biology.
The world continues to lose more than a million lives each year to the HIV epidemic, and nearly two million individuals were infected with HIV in 2017 alone. The new Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by countries of the United Nations in September 2015, include a commitment to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Considerable emphasis on prevention of new infections and treatment of those living with HIV will be needed to make this goal achievable. With nearly 37 million people now living with HIV, it is a communicable disease that behaves like a noncommunicable disease. Nutritional management is integral to comprehensive HIV care and treatment. Improved nutritional status and weight gain can increase recovery and strength of individuals living with HIV/AIDS, improve dietary diversity and caloric intake, and improve quality of life. This book highlights evidence-based research linking nutrition and HIV and identifies research gaps to inform the development of guidelines and policies for the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. A comprehensive approach that includes nutritional interventions is likely to maximize the benefit of antiretroviral therapy in preventing HIV disease progression and other adverse outcomes in HIV-infected men and women. Modification of nutritional status has been shown to enhance the quality of life of those suffering HIV/AIDS, both physically in terms of improved body mass index and immunological markers, and psychologically, by improving symptoms of depression. While the primary focus for those infected should remain on antiretroviral treatment and increasing its availability and coverage, improvement of nutritional status plays a complementary role in the management of HIV infection.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a life threating condition known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The first stage of HIV infection is acute infection, following latency and then AIDS, which is the last and critical stage. Patients of AIDS generally have fully dysfunctional immune systems and they acquire a number of severe illnesses known as opportunistic infections (OIs). These illnesses occur in HIV patients with greater severity. Various OIs include tuberculosis (TB), pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, salmonella infection and candidiasis. These infections are caused by various germs, which can be transmitted through contaminated water and food, body fluids and air. AIDS normally takes years to grow following an infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Infected AIDS patients are more likely to acquire cancers, such as Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer, and cancers caused by damaged immune-system known as lymphomas. AIDS patients can benefit from certain medications like antiretroviral medicines. This book contains some path-breaking studies on the molecular and cell biology of opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.
HIV and the New Viruses presents cutting-edge reviews of persistent human virus infections as a coherent collection for the first time. These cover recently discovered viruses such as HHV-6, HHV-8 and HCV, as well as the latest research on HIV. This comprehensive and updated reference includes an in-depth study of the major issues in the epidemiology, pathogenicity, molecular virology, host responses and management of conditions associated with those viruses. Information on new pharmaceuticals and vaccine developments is also included. Edited by the leading experts in the field, HIV and the New Viruses will be essential reading for postgraduates, clinicians and researchers in virology, immunology, cancer, molecular biology and the pharmaceutical industry. - Presents cutting-edge reviews of persistent human virus infections as a coherent collection for the first time - Includes an in-depth study of the major issues in the epidemiology, pathogenicity, molecular virology, host responses, and management of conditions associated with those viruses
During the last 5 years, major advances have been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and in the development of new potent antiviral agents. With regard to HIV pathogenesis, several recent observations have not only changed our perspectives of HIV disease, but have been critical for the design of therapeutic strategies.
The first book to specifically cover the molecular biology of retroviruses - of immense importance since the high profile of HIV. International contributors provide detailed reviews of the latest knowledge. An excellent text for both medical and non-medical researchers, it also serves as an illuminating introduction for scientists active in other areas.
The past few years have witnessed an explosive increase in our collective knowledge of the biology of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Researchers have acquired new understanding of the virus's biochemistry, molecular biology, pathogenesis, genetics, and immunobiology. Resulting therapeutic advances have significantly prolonged the lives of thousands. Yet, the need to develop better therapies is ever more acute and--given the virus's continued spread through the human population--the need for an effective vaccine is urgent. These goals can be accomplished only through the experienced synthesis of information from the many disciplines participating in HIV research and through the insights of new investigators. This volume is designed to lower the barriers imposed on investigators by the sheer volume of available information--information that often can be found only in far-flung and specialized journals. It provides, in a single resource, an in-depth overview of the diverse areas that constitute HIV research. The result is a broad introduction for students and researchers new to the field as well as an integrated overview for researchers specialized in particular areas of HIV investigation. The volume will also benefit those seeking technical understanding of the virus's biology, including physicians treating HIV-infected patients. Each chapter is a comprehensive presentation of one area of current AIDS research--including work on the virus life cycle, epidemiology, genetics, protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors, receptor and co-receptor interactions, therapeutic targets, clinical treatment, immunobiology, and vaccines--written by a leading researcher in that area. The contributors are Jon P. Anderson, Jan Balzarini, Elana Cherry, Thomas J. Coates, Chris Collins, Jon H. Condra, Mark B. Feinberg, Richard B. Gaynor, Matthias Götte, Daria J. Hazuda, Spyros Kalams, Nathaniel R. Landau, Gerald H. Learn, Norman L. Letvin, James I. Mullins, Willscott E. Naugler, David Nickle, Matthew Rain, Allen G. Rodrigo, Daniel Shriner, Shalom Spira, Mario Stevenson, Todd Summers, Catherine Ulich, Joseph P. Vacca, Mark A. Wainberg, Bruce D. Walker, and Yang Wang.
Antimicrobial agents are essential for the treatment of life-threatening infections and for managing the burden of minor infections in the community. In addition, they play a key role in organ and bone marrow transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, artificial joint and heart valve surgery. Unlike other classes of medicines, they are vulnerable to resistance from mutations in target microorganisms, and their adverse effects may extend to other patients (increased risk of cross-infection). As a consequence, there is a constant requirement for new agents, as well as practices that ensure the continued effective prescribing of licensed agents. Public awareness and concerns about drug resistant organisms has led to widespread publicity and political action in the UK, Europe and worldwide. The control of drug resistance and the implementation of good prescribing practice are now legal requirements in the UK as a result of the UK Health Act (2008). These fundamental changes underscore the need for a thorough understanding of the advantages and risks associated with specific antibiotic choices. This sixth edition of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy continues to be a valuable resource for undergraduates and graduates requiring a thorough grounding in the scientific basis and clinical application of these drugs. This new edition is updated to include the most recently licensed agents, notably in the treatment of viral infections including HIV/AIDS, and contains new guidance on prescribing practice and infection control practices that limit the development and spread of resistant organisms.