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"The present edition includes the formerly secret Gazetteer of Iran (compiled in 1918) with corrections and additions of maps and considerable new material to take into account developments up to 1970"--Title page verso.
Which ancient army boasted the largest fortifications, and how did the competitive build-up of military capabilities shape world history? Few realise that imperial Rome had a serious competitor in Late Antiquity. Late Roman legionary bases, normally no larger than 5ha, were dwarfed by Sasanian fortresses, often covering 40ha, sometimes even 125-175ha. The latter did not necessarily house permanent garrisons but sheltered large armies temporarily – perhaps numbering 10-50,000 men each. Even Roman camps and fortresses of the Early and High Empire did not reach the dimensions of their later Persian counterparts. The longest fort-lined wall of the late antique world was also Persian. Persia built up, between the fourth and sixth centuries AD, the most massive military infrastructure of any ancient or medieval Near Eastern empire – if not the ancient and medieval world. Much of the known defensive network was directed against Persia’s powerful neighbours in the north rather than the west. This may reflect differences in archaeological visibility more than troop numbers. Urban garrisons in the Romano-Persian frontier zone are much harder to identify than vast geometric compounds in marginal northern lands. Recent excavations in Iran have enabled us to precision-date two of the largest fortresses of Southwest Asia, both larger than any in the Roman world. Excavations in a Gorgan Wall fort have shed much new light on frontier life, and we have unearthed a massive bridge nearby. A sonar survey has traced the terminal of the Tammisheh Wall, now submerged under the waters of the Caspian Sea. Further work has focused on a vast city and settlements in the hinterland. Persia’s Imperial Power, our previous project, had already shed much light on the Great Wall of Gorgan, but it was our recent fieldwork that has thrown the sheer magnitude of Sasanian military infrastructure into sharp relief.
This volume is a translation from Chaghatay (medieval Turkic literary language of Central Asia) of a work written by Uzbek historians Mūnis and Āgahī in the early 19th century. It contains the history of Khorezm, especially detailed for the 18th and early 19th centuries, and it is an outstanding example of Central Asian historiography. The book is the first Western translation of this historical work and the first such translation of a major Chaghatay source for the history of Central Asia in the 18th-19th centuries. Besides the translation, the book includes extensive historical and philological notes and detailed introduction discussing the historical background of the period when the work was written, the biographies of the authors, the history of the text, and its sources.
This book contains articles on historic cities of the Islamic world, ranging from West Africa to Malaysia, which over the centuries have been centres of culture and learning and of economic and commercial life, and which have contributed much to the consolidation of Islam as a faith and as a social and political institution. The articles have been taken from the second edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, completed in 2004, but in many cases expanded and rewritten. All have been updated to include fresh historical information, with note of contemporary social developments and population statistics. The book thus delineates the urban background of Islam has it has evolved up to the present day, highlighting the role of such great cities as Cairo, Istanbul, Baghdad and Delhi in Islamic history, and also brings them together in a rich panorama illustrating one of mankind's greatest achievements, the living organism of the city.
Oleg Grabar, On Catalogues, Exhibitions, and Complete Works; Jonathan M. Bloom, The Mosque of the Qarafa in Cairo; Leonor Fernandes, The Foundation of Baybars al-Jashankir: Its Waqf, History, and Architecture; Howard Crane, Some Archaeological Notes on Turkish Sardis; Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt, Siyah Qalem and Gong Kai: An Istanbul Album Painter and a Chinese Painter of the Mongolian Period; Do?gan Kuban, The Style of Sinan's Domed Structures; Yasser Tabbaa, Bronze Shapes in Iranian Ceramics of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries; Mehrdad Shokoohy and Natalie H. Shokoohy, The Architecture of Baha al-Din Tughrul in the Region of Bayana, Rajasthan; Glenn D. Lowry, Humayun's Tomb: Form, Function, and Meaning in Early Mughal Architecture; Peter Alford Andrews, The Generous Heart or the Mass of Clouds: The Court Tents of Shah Jahan; Priscilla P. Soucek, Persian Artists in Mughal India: Influences and Transformations; A.J. Lee, Islamic Star Patterns;