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La historia bancaria es uno de los grandes ausentes en buena parte de la historia económica de América Latina, pese a la importancia que la banca y las finanzas ejercen en los procesos de desarrollo económico. Ello resulta bastante curioso si consideramos que los bancos mayores de América Latina en la época contemporánea se cuentan entre las empresas más antiguas e importantes de la región. Este libro aspira a llenar esta laguna a partir de un conjunto de estudios que ilustran etapas claves de la historia bancaria de un mosaico de países latinoamericanos a lo largo de los siglos XIX y XX. En resumen, el estudio histórico de los bancos contribuye a aclarar facetas esenciales del surgimiento y evolución del capitalismo en Latinoamérica así como de la formación de los Estados desde el siglo XIX hasta el presente. Para ahondar en algunos de estos problemas, este volumen ofrece una muestra amplia de aportaciones de una nueva generación de investigadores que ha comenzado a impulsar trabajos detallados de historia bancaria en distintos países de la región, los cuales son fundamentales para entender la historia financiera y para explicar aspectos relacionados de la historia política en América Latina, siempre tan vivaz y llena de polémicas.
The 2021 volume of the benchmark bibliography of Latin American Studies.
This book uncovers the extent to which government policy in mid nineteenth-century Brazil followed the interests of the all-powerful coffee growing class. The testing ground for this question is monetary and banking policy, an area in which exporters and the Brazilian government were often at loggerheads. The development of the monetary and banking regime during the second half of the Brazilian Empire (1850-89) is examined in a chronological and thematic way. The book establishes two major points of historical fact: the peculiar nature of the monetary standard adopted in Brazil during part of the period, as well as the role of the Bank of Brazil therein. Additionally, the analysis broadens current knowledge of three of the major contemporary events in the financial sphere – the 1860 banking and corporate law, the Souto crisis of 1864 and the 1875 financial crisis that brought down Mauá’s business empire. This book will be of interest to academics, both as secondary literature for their own research and as material that could be used in class at the advanced undergraduate or graduate levels. It will appeal to those interested not only in Brazilian economic and financial history, but also to students of political economy in general.
Provides new analysis of the spread of central banking beyond Western Europe and North America in the 1920s and 1930s.
How foreign lending weakens emerging nations In the nineteenth century, many developing countries turned to the credit houses of Europe for sovereign loans to balance their books and weather major fiscal shocks such as war. This reliance on external public finance offered emerging nations endless opportunities to overcome barriers to growth, but it also enabled rulers to bypass critical stages in institution building and political development. Pawned States reveals how easy access to foreign lending at early stages of state building has led to chronic fiscal instability and weakened state capacity in the developing world. Drawing on a wealth of original data to document the rise of cheap overseas credit between 1816 and 1913, Didac Queralt shows how countries in the global periphery obtained these loans by agreeing to “extreme conditionality,” which empowered international investors to take control of local revenue sources in cases of default, and how foreclosure eroded a country’s tax base and caused lasting fiscal disequilibrium. Queralt goes on to combine quantitative analysis of tax performance between 1816 and 2005 with qualitative historical analysis in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, illustrating how overreliance on external capital by local leaders distorts their incentives to expand tax capacity, articulate power-sharing institutions, and strengthen bureaucratic apparatus. Panoramic in scope, Pawned States sheds needed light on how early and easy access to external finance pushes developing nations into trajectories characterized by fragile fiscal institutions and autocratic politics.
The twentieth century has seen the rise of modern central banking. At its close, it is also witnessing the first steps in the decline of the role of some of the most famous of these institutions. In this volume, some of the world’s best known specialists examine the process whereby central banks emerged and asserted themselves within the economic and political spheres of their respective countries. Although the theory and the political economy that presided over their creation did not show great divergence across borders, a considerable institutional variety was nevertheless the result. Among the many factors responsible for this diversity, attention is drawn here not only to the idiosyncrasies of domestic financial systems and to the occurrence of political shocks with major monetary repercussions, such as wars, but also to the peculiarities of each economy and of the political and social climate reigning at the time when central banks were created or formalized. The twelve essays cover European, Asian and American experiences and many of them use a comparative approach.
Este libro analiza la génesis de la banca en las naciones que alcanzaron mayor nivel de desarrollo económico durante el siglo XIX en América Latina. Sus páginas responden un conjunto de interrogantes fundamentales: ¿Cuál fue el legado de los complejos sistemas de crédito del régimen colonial? ¿Cuándo se crearon los primeros bancos en Latinoamérica y qué características tenían? ¿Qué relación existió entre la temprana banca y los procesos de formación de los estados en la región? ¿Cuáles fueron los modelos de organización bancaria y de sus marcos institucionales? ¿Dominaron los modelos bancarios europeos y norteamericanos o pueden identificarse otros, singulares y propios de Latinoamérica? ¿Cuándo estallaron los primeros pánicos bancarios y qué nos dicen sobre las trayectorias del temprano capitalismo en la región? Junto a la reconstrucción histórica que da respuesta a estos interrogantes, el texto presenta los principales debates en torno a la historia económica y financiera latinoamericana en el periodo tratado. Aquí los estudios clásicos dialogan con investigaciones recientes que abordan cuestiones sobre las que hay posiciones diversas, como en el caso de la controversia en torno a si la tardanza en el despegue de la banca comercial e hipotecaria fue causa o consecuencia del lento desarrollo capitalista que caracterizo a esta vasta región durante la mayor parte del siglo XIX.
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This edited collection examines the evolution of regional inequality in Latin America in the long run. The authors support the hypothesis that the current regional disparities are principally the result of a long and complex process in which historical, geographical, economic, institutional, and political factors have all worked together. Lessons from the past can aid current debates on regional inequalities, territorial cohesion, and public policies in developing and also developed countries. In contrast with European countries, Latin American economies largely specialized in commodity exports, showed high levels of urbanization and high transports costs (both domestic and international). This new research provides a new perspective on the economic history of Latin American regions and offers new insights on how such forces interact in peripheral countries. In that sense, natural resources, differences in climatic conditions, industrial backwardness and low population density areas leads us to a new set of questions and tentative answers. This book brings together a group of leading American and European economic historians in order to build a new set of data on historical regional GDPs for nine Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. This transnational perspective on Latin American economic development process is of interest to researchers, students and policy makers.
The process of construction of national states had a decisive moment during the period of revolutions that spanned from the end of the eighteenth century until the mid-nineteenth century. Even if it was a generalized process throughout the Western world, the majority of social scientists that have analyzed it have based their theoretical models on the European and North American experiences. This volume pays particular attention to the historical experience of Latin America and accounts for its distinctive regional and national characteristics through the analysis of cases. It also evokes the existence of certain features of the process that historiography has not sufficiently taken into consideration until now. This book provides the first detailed perspective of the formation of the State’s bureaucracies in Latin America, a long and complex process shaped by the political, economic, social, and cultural conditions of different countries in the continent. These bureaucracies absorbed and institutionalized the pre-existing configurations of power while simultaneously transforming them. The essays included in this book offer an innovative vantage point for the analysis of issues that continue to be crucial in present-day Latin America, such as those that involve the relations between the State and society.