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When the eyeball is indented in total darkness, within less than 200 mil liseconds an oval or quarter-moon shaped spot of light is perceived in the part of the visual field corresponding to the indented region of the retina. In the seconds following, this phosphene extends across the whole visual field and alters in structure during further eyeball indentation. It is then seen as irregular large bright spots of light, finely structured moving light grains ('light nebula') and stationary bright stars. Regular geometrical patterns appear only when both eyes are indented simultaneously [1]. When the eyeball deformation is released, part of the retina again lights up for another one or two seconds and curved light lines are seen following the course of the larger retinal vessels (Fig. 1). In the following we will review the history of this phenomenon, which played an important role during the first 2200 years of vision theories and in the development of models to explain normal vision. 2. Pre-Socratic philosophers, Plato and Aristotle Alcmaeon of Croton (6-5th century B. C. ), who was a member of the Pythagoraean sect and one of the founders of Greek medicine, was the first to describe mechanical deformation of the eyeball leading to light sensa tions. According to Aristotle's pupil Theophrast of Eresos, Alcmaeon report ed that 'the eye obviously has fire within,for when the eye is struckfireflashes out' [2, p. 88].
Ocular Disease—a newly introduced companion volume to the classic Adler's Physiology of the Eye—correlates basic science and clinical management to describe the how and why of eye disease processes and the related best management protocols. Editors Leonard A. Levin and Daniel M. Albert—two of the world's leading ophthalmic clinician-scientists—have recruited as contributors the most expert and experienced authorities available in each of the major areas of ophthalmic disease specific to ophthalmology: retina, cornea, cataract, glaucoma, uveitis, and more. The concise chapter structure features liberal use of color—with 330 full-color line artworks, call-out boxes, summaries, and schematics for easy navigation and understanding. This comprehensive resource provides you with a better and more practical understanding of the science behind eye disease and its relation to treatment. - Covers all areas of disease in ophthalmology including retina, cornea, cataract, glaucoma, and uveitis for the comprehensive information you need for managing clinical cases. - Presents a unique and pragmatic blend of necessary basic science and clinical application to serve as a clinical guide to understanding the cause and rational management of ocular disease. - Features 330 full-color line artworks that translate difficult concepts and discussions into concise schematics for improved understanding and comprehension. - Provides the expert advice of internationally recognized editors with over 40 years of experience together with a group of world class contributors in basic science and clinical ophthalmology.
Excel in your clinical responsibilities with The Ophthalmic Assistant. Whether you work in an ophthalmology, optometry, or opticianry setting, this best-selling reference delivers expert practical, up-to-date guidance on ocular diseases, surgical procedures, medications, and equipment as well as paramedical procedures and office management - providing all the knowledge and skills you need to be a valuable asset to your team. A real "how-to" textbook. Consult this full-color visual guide for identification of ophthalmic disorders, explanations of difficult concepts, and depictions of the newest equipment used in ophthalmology and optometry – with over 1,000 illustrations. Refer to the practical appendices for quick-reference information on hospital/practice forms for more efficient patient record keeping, conversion tables, numerous language translations, ocular emergencies, pharmaceuticals, and more. Update your practical knowledge of ophthalmic tests and procedures. Confidently prepare for certification or recertification exams with comprehensive and practical information on the exam process for ophthalmic and optometric assistants. Optimize your results with OCT imaging and other innovative technologies used in today’s ophthalmic offices, clinics, and hospitals. Stay up to date with new drugs being used to treat a diverse range of eye diseases and disorders. Learn how to assist the newest refractive cataract surgery procedures. Update your knowledge of CPR procedures.
A unique how-to guide on surgical management of strabismus from top experts in the field! Strabismus correction is the third most common ophthalmic surgery in the US, with 1.2 million procedures performed each year. Strabismus Surgery by renowned pediatric ophthalmologist Irene Ludwig provides comprehensive coverage of strabismus treatment – featuring state-of-the-art techniques based on recent anatomical research and discoveries. Throughout the text and accompanying videos, an impressive group of contributors share clinical pearls and firsthand knowledge. Recent research shows that strabismus has a mechanical etiology more frequently than previously thought, and that by directly correcting the mechanical defects, more targeted correction is possible than with traditional approaches. Accordingly, the book is organized by mechanism rather than strabismic deviations and patterns. Presented in four parts, each of which is further delineated by sections, this unique textbook includes 36 chapters starting with the fascinating history of strabismus surgery and concluding with future possible treatments. Key Highlights New surgical techniques designed to correct muscle displacements and muscle defects related to abnormalities of the extraocular muscle pulleys and intermuscular bands Recognition and repair of stretched scar and flap tear A section dedicated to CNS-related causes of strabismus discusses state-of-the-art surgical approaches for conditions including nystagmus and cranial nerve palsies A comprehensive summary of injection techniques using botulinum toxin and bupivacaine to correct strabismus, particularly in otherwise inoperable conditions Ninety strabismus surgery videos demonstrate a full spectrum of basic to advanced techniques Remarkable illustrations beautifully capture the complex anatomy of the eye muscles and pulleys The mechanistic approaches described in this outstanding resource will help trainees and seasoned ophthalmologists achieve more precise and lasting results.