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A simple empirical model of activity and crud transport in the candu hts has been developed and its utility illustrated using station data. the model emphasizes the fundamental role played by the out-of-core deposits. the input parameters required by the model can be obtained from data from station artefact characterizations, radiation field measurements and oxi-probe measurements and single-tube decontaminations. the details of the model are illustrated using the "simple" example of 95zr transport, which is transported mainly as particles. the more challenging case of 60co transport is then used to highlight additional aspects of the model and to point out some of the areas where further work is required. the model provides insights into the effectiveness of the candu purification system. it has allowed order of magnitude estimates to be made of the effective deposition half-lives for radionuclide removal by the hts deposits; in particular: ? t1/2 (95zr) = 10 - 98 h ? t1/2 (60co) = 7 -62 min typical candu purification half-lives range from 50 minutes to several hours. this is short enough to compete effectively with hts surfaces for 95zr removal. at the highest flow rates, the one-hour half-life is short enough to have a measurable impact on 60co deposition; at longer purification half-lives, the impact on 60co deposition is likely small. it should be noted that 95zr is transported and deposited mainly as particles, while 60co is deposited mainly as a dissolved species. further work is required to determine if these half-lives can be generalized to all particulate and dissolved species. the model leads to an estimate for the efficiency of the main hts system for the removal of the different radionuclides from the circulating coolant. for 60co, this removal efficiency is in the range 0.28 to 2.5%. in most discussions of the purification system effectiveness, an implicit assumption has been that the hts deposits were highly efficient in removing dissolved species from the coolant. these values illustrate the error of that assumption. while the purification system receives only a very small flow compared to the steam generators (on the order of 0.1%), it is highly efficient (95 -100%). the main hts loop receives 99.9% of the flow, but is inefficient (on the order of 1%). the net result is that the two removal mechanisms are more closely matched than previously assumed. the pseudo-efficiency provides a link between this model and more mechanistic treatments of activity deposition. the hts deposit "full flow purification system" can be broken into components: outlet feeders, steam generators, inlet feeders. the utility of this sub-division has been demonstrated by calculating the effect of removing the steam generator deposits by decontamination on reactor face fields in the year immediately following the decontamination. the predicted factor of 3.0 increase in 60co deposition at the reactor face compares favourably with the increase observed at gentilly-2 after the siva-blast of a factor of 2.8. refinements to the model should enable the pseudo-efficiencies to be linked to hts parameters such as the iron deposition profile, information on the affinity of radionuclides for magnetite and for the outlet end-fittings, feeders and hot leg of the steam generator tubes where the deposits are much thinner, plus various geometric considerations (surface areas, diameters, fluid velocities) via more mechanistic models. some deficiencies in the existing station data were identified during the application of the model to 95zr and 60co. a series of measurements is recommended to obtain the data required to assess the model; in particular: ? develop a good set of deposition constants for all radionuclides of interest (especially 60co, 124sb and 95zr/95nb) including the contributions of dissolved and particulate species. ? develop a good set of purification system removal constants for all radionuclides of interest, including the contributions from dissolved and particulate species ? determine c, the coolant concentration, for all species of interest, including dissolved and particulate species.
"Based on a recommendation from the Technical Working Group on Fast Reactors, this publication is a regular update of previous publications on fast reactor technology. The publication provides comprehensive and detailed information on the technology of fast neutron reactors. The focus is on practical issues that are useful to engineers, scientists, managers, university students and professors. The main issues of discussion are experience in design, construction, operation and decommissioning, various areas of research and development, engineering, safety and national strategies, and public acceptance of fast reactors. In the summary the reader will find national strategies, international initiatives on innovative (i.e. Generation IV) systems and an assessment of public acceptance as related to fast reactors."--Résumé de l'éditeur.
This, the second special topical conference on the properties of Non-Metallic Materials at Low Temperatures, was sponsored by the International Cryogenic Materials Conference Board. The potential for plastics materials in the field of cryogenics is vast and as yet only partly explored. In addition, many other materials, which qualify for the title non-metallic but are not 'plastics', have numerous possible outlets in low temperature technology. This conference aimed at providing a forum, whereby specialists from Industry, the Universities and from Government sponsored Institutions could assemble to discuss the extent of our current knowledge. As it transpired, the meeting was also to high light the considerable gaps that still exist in our fundamental understanding of the low temperature behaviour of these materials. On this theme, during the course of the conference, a reference was made to an almost forgotten quotation by Lord Kelvin, who said: "When you cannot measure what you are speaking about, when you cannot express in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of a science, whatever the matter be." This simple statement sums up the aims, objectives and hopefully the achievements of this conference. To discuss and disseminate the current knowledge on non-metallic materials in order that realistic predictions of in-service performance may be made.
Serving as an all-in-one guide to the entire field of coatings technology, this encyclopedic reference covers a diverse range of topics-including basic concepts, coating types, materials, processes, testing and applications-summarizing both the latest developments and standard coatings methods. Take advantage of the insights and experience of over
This publication presents cleaning and etching solutions, their applications, and results on inorganic materials. It is a comprehensive collection of etching and cleaning solutions in a single source. Chemical formulas are presented in one of three standard formats - general, electrolytic or ionized gas formats - to insure inclusion of all necessary operational data as shown in references that accompany each numbered formula. The book describes other applications of specific solutions, including their use on other metals or metallic compounds. Physical properties, association of natural and man-made minerals, and materials are shown in relationship to crystal structure, special processing techniques and solid state devices and assemblies fabricated. This publication also presents a number of organic materials which are widely used in handling and general processing...waxes, plastics, and lacquers for example. It is useful to individuals involved in study, development, and processing of metals and metallic compounds. It is invaluable for readers from the college level to industrial R & D and full-scale device fabrication, testing and sales. Scientific disciplines, work areas and individuals with great interest include: chemistry, physics, metallurgy, geology, solid state, ceramic and glass, research libraries, individuals dealing with chemical processing of inorganic materials, societies and schools.
Simply put, this book explains what exactly needs to be done if a facility wants to progress from being a one, two or three year pump MTBF plant, and wishes to join the leading money-making facilities that today achieve a demonstrated pump MTBF of 8.6 years.
The second edition of a bestseller, this comprehensive reference provides the fundamental information required to understand both the operation and proper application of all types of gas turbines. The completely updated second edition adds a new section on use of inlet cooling for power augmentation and NOx control. It explores the full spectrum of gas turbines hardware, typical application scenarios, and operating parameters, controls, inlet treatments, inspection, trouble-shooting, and more. The author discusses strategies that can help readers avoid problems before they occur and provides tips that enable diagnosis of problems in their early stages and analysis of failures to prevent their recurrence.
A practical treatment of power system design within the oil, gas, petrochemical and offshore industries. These have significantly different characteristics to large-scale power generation and long distance public utility industries. Developed from a series of lectures on electrical power systems given to oil company staff and university students, Sheldrake's work provides a careful balance between sufficient mathematical theory and comprehensive practical application knowledge. Features of the text include: Comprehensive handbook detailing the application of electrical engineering to the oil, gas and petrochemical industries Practical guidance to the electrical systems equipment used on off-shore production platforms, drilling rigs, pipelines, refineries and chemical plants Summaries of the necessary theories behind the design together with practical guidance on selecting the correct electrical equipment and systems required Presents numerous 'rule of thumb' examples enabling quick and accurate estimates to be made Provides worked examples to demonstrate the topic with practical parameters and data Each chapter contains initial revision and reference sections prior to concentrating on the practical aspects of power engineering including the use of computer modelling Offers numerous references to other texts, published papers and international standards for guidance and as sources of further reading material Presents over 35 years of experience in one self-contained reference Comprehensive appendices include lists of abbreviations in common use, relevant international standards and conversion factors for units of measure An essential reference for electrical engineering designers, operations and maintenance engineers and technicians.