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The properties of composite materials are primarily governed by their microstructural features, which can vary in size from a few nanometres to several micrometres. Optical microscopy is one of the primary tools for morphological characterisation in material science. However, due to the wave nature of light, the resolution of optical microscopes is limited by the diffraction limit [1], thereby limiting its capability to analyse these materials. Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, which is so far mostly used in life science imaging, circumvents the diffraction limit by exploitin...
This book demonstrates the concept of Fourier ptychography, a new imaging technique that bypasses the resolution limit of the employed optics. In particular, it transforms the general challenge of high-throughput, high-resolution imaging from one that is coupled to the physical limitations of the optics to one that is solvable through computation. Demonstrated in a tutorial form and providing many MATLAB® simulation examples for the reader, it also discusses the experimental implementation and recent developments of Fourier ptychography. This book will be of interest to researchers and engineers learning simulation techniques for Fourier optics and the Fourier ptychography concept.
This book presents the advances in super-resolution microscopy in physics and biomedical optics for nanoscale imaging. In the last decade, super-resolved fluorescence imaging has opened new horizons in improving the resolution of optical microscopes far beyond the classical diffraction limit, leading to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014. This book represents the first comprehensive review of a different type of super-resolved microscopy, which does not rely on using fluorescent markers. Such label-free super-resolution microscopy enables potentially even broader applications in life sciences and nanoscale imaging, but is much more challenging and it is based on different physical concepts and approaches. A unique feature of this book is that it combines insights into mechanisms of label-free super-resolution with a vast range of applications from fast imaging of living cells to inorganic nanostructures. This book can be used by researchers in biological and medical physics. Due to its logically organizational structure, it can be also used as a teaching tool in graduate and upper-division undergraduate-level courses devoted to super-resolved microscopy, nanoscale imaging, microscopy instrumentation, and biomedical imaging.
Filling a gap in the literature, this book features in-depth discussions on amplitude modulation AFM, providing an overview of the theory, instrumental considerations and applications of the technique in both academia and industry. As such, it includes examples from material science, soft condensed matter, molecular biology, and biophysics, among others. The text is written in such a way as to enable readers from different backgrounds and levels of expertise to find the information suitable for their needs.
High resolution imaging in three dimension is important for biological research. The RESOLFT (Reversible Saturable Optical Fluorescence Transitions) fluorescent microscopy is one technique which can achieve lateral super-resolution imaging. Two-photon microscopy naturally generate high resolution in the longitudinal direction with less background compared to single photon excitation. We combine these two methods to realize three-dimensional high-resolution imaging. This super-resolution method also is limited in imaging speed. We use a spatial light modulator (SLM) as a flexible phase mask of the microscopy. It is used to compensate the system aberration, as well as increasing the imaging speed. The parallel scanning generates multiple super-resolution focuses as an array or in arbitrary positions by phase retrieval calculation. This microscopy combined with SLM control could applied to high throughput 3D imaging or multiple spots tracking in high-resolution.
This open access book provides a comprehensive overview of the application of the newest laser and microscope/ophthalmoscope technology in the field of high resolution imaging in microscopy and ophthalmology. Starting by describing High-Resolution 3D Light Microscopy with STED and RESOLFT, the book goes on to cover retinal and anterior segment imaging and image-guided treatment and also discusses the development of adaptive optics in vision science and ophthalmology. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the reader will learn about the latest developments and most up to date technology in the field and how these translate to a medical setting. High Resolution Imaging in Microscopy and Ophthalmology – New Frontiers in Biomedical Optics has been written by leading experts in the field and offers insights on engineering, biology, and medicine, thus being a valuable addition for scientists, engineers, and clinicians with technical and medical interest who would like to understand the equipment, the applications and the medical/biological background. Lastly, this book is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Gerhard Zinser, co-founder of Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, a scientist, a husband, a brother, a colleague, and a friend.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Modulated Structure Materials, Maleme-Chania, Greece, June 15-25, 1983
The focus of this book is surface modification, with the goal of tailoring materials for a specific application. By means of this approach, ideal bulk properties of a material, such as its tensile strength (temperature stability, density, or even cost) can be combined with optimized surface properties, such as hardness, biocompatibility, low or high friction or adhesion, water repellency or wettability, or catalytic activity.The works of the author — many of his crucial papers are included — deal with the understanding and modification of surfaces and span fields including catalysis, analytical surface science, self-assembled monolayers, tribology, biomaterials, superhydrophobicity and polymer coatings.
Diffraction limits the resolution of far-field lithography and imaging to about half of the wavelength, which greatly limits the capability of optical techniques. The proposed technique with absorbance modulation aims to get around the diffraction limit by using wavelength-selective chemistry to confine light to nanoscale dimension. Absorbance modulation lithography and imaging is a near-field technique that does not require scanning of a tip in close proximity or fabrication of a physically small aperture. Near-field apertures are dynamically generated in the photochromic absorbance modulation layer (AML) with only far-field illuminations. In this thesis, the concept of absorbance modulation is explained and in-house simulation models are discussed in detail. One-dimensional experimental demonstrations of absorbance modulation lithography achieved line exposures with widths of about one tenth of the exposure wavelength. In order to extend absorbance modulation to two-dimension, a binary diffractive-optical element that generates a focused round spot at one wavelength, aligned with the central node of a ring-shaped spot at another wavelength was designed and fabricated. Lithography and imaging results applying this diffractive optical element showed evidence of point-spread function compression in lithography and contrast enhancement in imaging.
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy has shown great promise for imaging live cells and tissues, with applications in basic science, medical research, and tissue engineering. Second Harmonic Generation Imaging offers a complete guide to this optical modality, from basic principles, instrumentation, methods, and image analysis to biomedical a