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"Nature performs not hing vainly, and makes nothing unnecessary" Aristotle Interest in the passage of charged particles through crystals first appeared at the beginning of this century following experiments on x-ray diffraction in crystallattices, which provided the proof of an ordered distribution of atoms in a crystal. Stark [1] put forward the hypothesis that certain directions in a crystal should be relatively transparent to charged particles. These first ideas on the channeling of charged particles in crystals were forgotten but became topical again in the early 1960s when the channeling effect was rediscovered by computer simulation [2] and in experiments [3] that revealed anomalously long ion ranges in crystals. The orientational ef fects during the passage of charged particles through crystals have been found for a whole range of processes characterized by small impact parameters for collisions between particles and atoms: nuclear reactions, large-angle scatter ing, energy losses. Lindhard explained the channeling of charged particles in crystals [4]. The results of the numerous investigations into the channeling of low-energy (amounting to several MeV) charged particles in crystals have been summarized in several monographs and reviews [5~8l.
Crystals can transform your life, and this very contemporary guide shows you how to harness the power of these precious stones for healing. Change your energy and you can change your world. This beautiful, modern crystal bible features over 100 stones that can cleanse your mind, body, and spirit; improve your home life, charge your creativity, help you achieve your career goals, enhance your relationships, or fill every day with a little more positivity. See how to stock your crystal arsenal to kick butt at work, feel great, meditate, make your dreams come true, and so much more.
Harmonize your spiritual frequency and create more positive vibes using crystals and gemstones, magical boosters for the body and soul High-Vibe Crystal Healing is all about working with crystals for healing, fun, knowledge, and a higher frequency life. Within these pages, you'll find twenty-six epic crystal body layouts as well as information on sixty-six individual crystals and gemstones that will help you harmonize the energy field known as your aura. Additionally, you will learn to release negative baggage, improve your health, balance your energy, and connect to spirits and guides. Master crystal healer Jolie DeMarco is the perfect guide to finding which crystals and stones best align with your specific physical ailments, emotional blockages, and spiritual-elevation goals. She also includes tips and techniques for working with twenty-two essential oils to enhance your crystal sessions. Whether you're just beginning your crystal journey or are an expert crystal energy healer, this book includes the complete details and down-to-earth instructions you need to move forward on your spiritual path. Every day, more and more people around the world are experiencing the power of crystals for working through illness, developing a stronger sense of purpose, and even going out of body and visiting past or parallel lives. The inspiring layouts and stones in this book are a perfect way for you to explore the crystal vibrational energies that the universe has in store for you. Praise: "A fun, insightful and empowering book that will show you how to simply and successfully enhance your life and well-being with crystals and gemstones."—Jack Canfield, #1 New York Times bestselling author and cocreator of the Chicken Soup for the Soul series
The recent discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in copper based oxides is an event of major importance not only with respect to the physical phenomenon itself but also because it definitely shows that solid state chemistry, and especially the crystal chemistry of oxides, has a crucial place in the synthesis and understanding of new materials for future appli cations. The numerous papers published in the field of high Tc supercon ductors in the last five years demonstrate that the great complexity of these materials necessitates a close collaboration between physicists and solid state chemists. This book is based to a large extent on our experience of the crystal chemistry of copper oxides, which we have been studying in the laboratory for more than twelve years, but it also summarizes the main results which have been obtained for these compounds in the last five years relating to their spectacular superconducting properties. We have focused on the struc ture, chemical bonding and nonstoichiometry of these materials, bearing in mind that redox reactions are the key to the optimization of their supercon ducting properties, owing to the importance of the mixed valence of copper and its Jahn-Teller effect. We have also drawn on studies of extended defects by high-resolution electron microscopy and on their creation by ir radiation effects.
Crystal is for Ruby programmers who want more performance, or for developers who enjoy working in a high-level scripting environment. Crystal combines native execution speed and concurrency with Ruby-like syntax, so you will feel right at home. This book, the first available on Crystal, shows you how to write applications that have the beauty and elegance of a modern language, combined with the power of types and modern concurrency tooling. Now you can write beautiful code that runs faster, scales better, and is a breeze to deploy. Crystal is elegant to read and easy to program like Ruby, allowing full object-oriented development. Its compiler is powerful enough to nearly always infer the type of your variables. So you get the benefits of a statically typed language: more robust code, safety and execution speed, while still reaching high productivity in development. Null pointer exceptions as in JavaScript, Java or C#, are a thing of the past: Crystal annihilates them, just like Rust. Explore the building blocks and design of the language, and how you can use the Crystal tool-chain to build and manage powerful applications. Harness the power of the macro system, as well as how to work with fibers and channels, making concurrency as easy as possible. Learn how to use the Kemal web framework and access databases, and how to tap the potential of existing Crystal libraries. Find the spot that Crystal fills in today's software world with real-world examples. With Crystal, you can combine the best of both worlds: the high-level coding of dynamic languages, and the safety and blazing performance of a natively compiled language. What You Need: To develop in Crystal, you only need Crystal v 0.26 the latest version, a common text editor and a browser.
Volume 41 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry introduces to the field of high-temperature and high-pressure crystal chemistry, both as a guide to the dramatically improved techniques and as a summary of the voluminous crystal chemical literature on minerals at high temperature and pressure. The three parts of the book introduces crystal chemical considerations of special relevance to non-ambient crystallographic studies, reviews the temperature- and pressure-variation of structures in major mineral groups and presents experimental techniques for high-temperature and high-pressure studies of single crystals and polycrystalline samples as well as special considerations relating to diffractometry on samples at non-ambient conditions.
Vol 2A: Basic TechnologiesHandbook of Crystal Growth, Second Edition Volume IIA (Basic Technologies) presents basic growth technologies and modern crystal cutting methods. Particularly, the methodical fundamentals and development of technology in the field of bulk crystallization on both industrial and research scales are explored. After an introductory chapter on the formation of minerals, ruling historically the basic crystal formation parameters, advanced basic technologies from melt, solution, and vapour being applied for research and production of the today most important materials, like silicon, semiconductor compounds and oxides are presented in detail. The interdisciplinary and general importance of crystal growth for human live are illustrated.Vol 2B: Growth Mechanisms and DynamicsHandbook of Crystal Growth, Second Edition Volume IIB (Growth Mechanisms and Dynamics) deals with characteristic mechanisms and dynamics accompanying each bulk crystal growth method discussed in Volume IIA. Before the atoms or molecules pass over from a position in the fluid medium (gas, melt or solution) to their place in the crystalline face they must be transported in the fluid over macroscopic distances by diffusion, buoyancy-driven convection, surface-tension-driven convection, and forced convection (rotation, acceleration, vibration, magnetic mixing). Further, the heat of fusion and the part carried by the species on their way to the crystal by conductive and convective transport must be dissipated in the solid phase by well-organized thermal conduction and radiation to maintain a stable propagating interface. Additionally, segregation and capillary phenomena play a decisional role for chemical composition and crystal shaping, respectively. Today, the increase of high-quality crystal yield, its size enlargement and reproducibility are imperative conditions to match the strong economy. Volume 2A Presents the status and future of Czochralski and float zone growth of dislocation-free silicon Examines directional solidification of silicon ingots for photovoltaics, vertical gradient freeze of GaAs, CdTe for HF electronics and IR imaging as well as antiferromagnetic compounds and super alloys for turbine blades Focuses on growth of dielectric and conducting oxide crystals for lasers and non-linear optics Topics on hydrothermal, flux and vapour phase growth of III-nitrides, silicon carbide and diamond are explored Volume 2B Explores capillarity control of the crystal shape at the growth from the melt Highlights modeling of heat and mass transport dynamics Discusses control of convective melt processes by magnetic fields and vibration measures Includes imperative information on the segregation phenomenon and validation of compositional homogeneity Examines crystal defect generation mechanisms and their controllability Illustrates proper automation modes for ensuring constant crystal growth process Exhibits fundamentals of solution growth, gel growth of protein crystals, growth of superconductor materials and mass crystallization for food and pharmaceutical industries
Introduction to Crystal Growth: Principles and Practice teaches readers about crystals and their origins. It offers a historical perspective of the subject and includes background information whenever possible. The first section of this introductory book takes readers through the historical development and motivation of the field of crystal growth. With more than 40 years of experience in the field, the author covers nucleation, two-dimensional layer growth mechanism, defects in crystals, and screw dislocation theory of crystal growth. He also explains some aspects of the important subject of phase diagrams. The second section focuses on the experimental techniques of crystal growth. For practicing crystal growers, the book provides nuts-and-bolts techniques and tips. It discusses the major techniques categorized by solid–solid, liquid–solid, and vapor–solid equilibria and describes characterization techniques essential to measuring the quality of grown crystals.
Bulletin of the STEFAN UNIVERSITY: CRYSTAL and EPITAXIAL GROWTH—2001; ISSN: 1098-1632.: Stefan Frontier Conferences (Frontier Science Research Conferences--FSRC); La Jolla, California, March 19-21, 2001; ©2001, The Stefan University Press