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A 40-foot-nominal-diameter (12.2-meter) modified ringsail parachute was flight tested as part of the NASA Supersonic High Altitude Parachute Experiment (SHAPE) program. The 41-pound (18.6-kg) test parachute system was deployed from a 239.5-pound (108.6-kg) instrumented payload by means of a deployment mortar when the payload was at a Mach number of 2.95 and a free-stream dynamic pressure of 9.2 lb/sq ft (440 N/m2). The parachute deployed properly with the canopy inflating to a near full open condition followed immediately by a partial collapse of the canopy and subsequent oscillations of the frontal area until the system had decelerated to a Mach number of about 1.5. The parachute then attained an inflated shape that provided full drag area. During the supersonic part of the test, the average axial-force coefficient C A, 0 varied from a minimum of about 0.24 at a Mach number of 2.7 to a maximum of 0.54 at a Mach number of 1.1. During descent under subsonic conditions, the average effective drag coefficient was 0.62 and parachute-payload oscillation angles averaged about ±10° with excursions to ±20°.--P. [i].
Inflation, drag, and stability characteristics of an 85.3-foot (26 meter) nominal diameter ringsail parachute deployed at a Mach number of 1.15 and at an altitude of 132,600 feet (40.42 kilometers) were obtained from the first flight test of the Planetary Entry Parachute Program. After deployment, the parachute inflated to the reefed condition. However, the canopy was unstable and produced low drag in the reefed condition. [remainder of summary illegible].
Ten flight tests of modified-ringsail, disk-gap-band, and cross parachute configurations with deployment at Mach numbers and dynamic pressures corresponding to conditions expected during entry into a Martian atmosphere have been completed. Comparison of flight results indicates that theoretical snatch force values were never exceeded when the deployment techniques of these tests were used. Opening loads showed no definite trend with Mach number. Values for filling times compared favorably with generally accepted empirical curves based on 15-percent geometric porosity. Canopy stability was good when Mach numbers were below 1.4 for the modified-ringsail and disk-gap-band configurations.
In conjunction with the low-altitude preflight drop test phase of the NASA Supersonic High-Altitude Parachute Experiments (SHAPE) program, canopy-load-distributed measurements were made on each of three types of parachute during deployment (by means of a mortar) from an aircraft-dropped payload. Loads were measured with miniature load cells at various locations on the canopies and in the suspension lines of 30- and 40-foot-diameter (9.14 and 12.19 meters) parachutes, with a total of seven measurements of this type being made on each of seven instrumented parachute drops. Out of a total of 49 such individuual measurement attempts, there were six individual load-cell problems, which included one of lead-wire breakage during parachute deployment. Total parachute load measurements were also made during each test by means of a tensionmeter in the main riser line. In addition, for the total parachute instrumentation program, data from approximately 40 percent of the channels were not obtained due apparently to onboard telemetry malfunction.