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This dissertation describes the development of synthetic methodologies and approaches that leverage strain-driven reactivity to access complex molecules, as well as enzymatic studies and advances in the field of chemical education. The high potential energy stored within strained bonds offers a powerful tool in organic synthesis for the construction of new covalent bonds. Controlling the reactivity of strained molecules, while challenging in many cases, offers a means to form multiple bonds in a single step, under mild reaction conditions, and generate products that may be inaccessible by other means. Herein, several synthetic endeavors are described that seek to leverage strain release to push our understanding of chemical reactivity and gain new entryways into important classes of organic and organometallic compounds. Moreover, two studies in the area of biosynthesis and are described, which take advantage of synergy between chemical synthesis and enzymatic chemistry to access bioactive compounds with high selectivity. Finally, studies in the area of chemical education are described. These efforts seek to make organic chemistry accessible to wider audiences through the development of interactive, globally available educational tools and the creation of a new undergraduate lecture course that highlights the role of organic chemistry in the world around us. Chapter one describes a perspective on the field of complex molecule synthesis (i.e., total synthesis), with a focus on the power of collaborations across research groups. Although historically competitive, there is a growing spirit of teamwork and collaboration in the field of total synthesis. This chapter discusses recent breakthroughs in both academic and industrial laboratories that have succeeded as a direct result of alliances between research groups. Chapter two describes progress toward the total synthesis of dodecahedrane, a complex and highly symmetrical hydrocarbon that bears twelve fused rings arranged in a cage-like architecture. Central to our approach is an ambitious [2+2+2+2+2] poly-ene cyclization cascade which would serve to provide new insights into chemical reactivity. Current efforts center around constructing key linkages found in the target by harnessing the strain release of norbornene ring systems to form new carbon-carbon bonds. Chapter three describes a concise and scalable synthetic approach to precursors to strained intermediates. Although historically avoided due to their high reactivity, strained cyclic alkynes and allenes have demonstrated value in the synthesis of medicinally privileged, polycyclic compounds. These efforts, which provide efficient access to silyl triflate precursors to cyclohexyne and 1,2-cyclohexadiene, serve to enable further studies involving strained alkynes and allenes. Chapters four and five describe the development of new methodologies that exploit strained aryne intermediates in the synthesis of complex organic and organometallic materials. Both chapters investigate the controlled generation and reactivity of aryne intermediates, as well as engagement of these intermediates in Pd-catalysis to build new ring systems. Chapter four specifically details the development of aryne chemistry "on-the-complex," wherein fleeting aryne intermediates are reacted with pre-coordinated metal-ligand complexes to form new carbon-carbon bonds. These studies, performed in the context of privileged, photoactive polypyridyl metal complexes, provide an effective strategy to annulate organometallic complexes and access complex metal-ligand scaffolds, while furthering the synthetic utility of strained intermediates in chemical synthesis. Chapter five details the development of Pd-catalyzed reactions of indole and carbazole-based arynes (i.e., hetarynes) to access [pi]-extended heterocyclic materials. The products obtained were applied as ligands in two-coordinate metal complexes to access new OLED emitters. Chapters six and seven are concerned with uncovering and investigating highly selective reactions catalyzed by fungal enzymes. In particular, chapter six describes the discovery of two groups of enzymes that catalyze distinct reactions, an Alder-ene reaction (previously unknown in biology) and a stereoselective hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. Chapter seven presents studies pertaining to the aminoacylation and thiolation of polyketides in fungi, with a focus on elucidating mechanistic pathways. Both chapters showcase important synergy between chemical synthesis and enzymatic chemistry, and elucidate new enzymatic pathways that ultimately give rise to molecular complexity. Chapters eight and nine illustrate advances in chemical education. Chapter eight specifically details the development and execution of a new undergraduate course taught by graduate students. The course, entitled Catalysis in Modern Drug Discovery, served to highlight the central role of organic chemistry in drug discovery, while also conveying key concepts in catalysis. Moreover, the course spotlighted the various careers that organic chemists play in the development of new medicines. Chapter nine presents a perspective that highlights our recent efforts to develop interactive resources in chemical education for worldwide usage. In particular, these efforts seek to promote a spirit of innovation in chemical education and spur the development of widely accessible resources that improve learning outcomes and promote positive perception of chemistry in the broader community
Filling a gap on the market, this handbook and ready reference is unique in its discussion of the usefulness of various heterocyclic systems in the synthesis of natural products. Clearly structured for easy access to the information, each chapter is devoted to a certain class of heterocycle, providing a tabular presentation of the natural products to be covered containing the particular heterocyclic ring system along with their biological profile, occurrence and most important physical properties, backed by the appropriate references. In addition, the application of the heterocyclic system to the synthesis of natural products ic covered in detail. Of great interest to organic, natural products, medicinal and biochemists, as well as those working in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry.
Chemistry and chemical engineering have changed significantly in the last decade. They have broadened their scopeâ€"into biology, nanotechnology, materials science, computation, and advanced methods of process systems engineering and controlâ€"so much that the programs in most chemistry and chemical engineering departments now barely resemble the classical notion of chemistry. Beyond the Molecular Frontier brings together research, discovery, and invention across the entire spectrum of the chemical sciencesâ€"from fundamental, molecular-level chemistry to large-scale chemical processing technology. This reflects the way the field has evolved, the synergy at universities between research and education in chemistry and chemical engineering, and the way chemists and chemical engineers work together in industry. The astonishing developments in science and engineering during the 20th century have made it possible to dream of new goals that might previously have been considered unthinkable. This book identifies the key opportunities and challenges for the chemical sciences, from basic research to societal needs and from terrorism defense to environmental protection, and it looks at the ways in which chemists and chemical engineers can work together to contribute to an improved future.
Synthetic chemistry plays a central role in many areas of chemical biology; utilising recent case studies, the goal of Chemical and Biological Synthesis is to highlight the full impact that the preparation of novel reagents can have in chemical biology. Covering the synthetic approaches that can be applied across the whole field of chemical biology, this book provides synthetic chemists with the broader context to which their work contributes and the biological questions that can be addressed through it. An ideal guide for postgraduate students and researchers in synthetic organic chemistry and chemical biology, Chemical and Biological Synthesis introduces synthetic techniques and methods to those who wish to incorporate synthesis for the first time in their biology-focused research programmes.
The tremendous progress in biology over the last half century - from Watson and Crick's elucidation of the structure of DNA to today's astonishing, rapid progress in the field of synthetic biology - has positioned us for significant innovation in chemical production. New bio-based chemicals, improved public health through improved drugs and diagnostics, and biofuels that reduce our dependency on oil are all results of research and innovation in the biological sciences. In the past decade, we have witnessed major advances made possible by biotechnology in areas such as rapid, low-cost DNA sequencing, metabolic engineering, and high-throughput screening. The manufacturing of chemicals using biological synthesis and engineering could expand even faster. A proactive strategy - implemented through the development of a technical roadmap similar to those that enabled sustained growth in the semiconductor industry and our explorations of space - is needed if we are to realize the widespread benefits of accelerating the industrialization of biology. Industrialization of Biology presents such a roadmap to achieve key technical milestones for chemical manufacturing through biological routes. This report examines the technical, economic, and societal factors that limit the adoption of bioprocessing in the chemical industry today and which, if surmounted, would markedly accelerate the advanced manufacturing of chemicals via industrial biotechnology. Working at the interface of synthetic chemistry, metabolic engineering, molecular biology, and synthetic biology, Industrialization of Biology identifies key technical goals for next-generation chemical manufacturing, then identifies the gaps in knowledge, tools, techniques, and systems required to meet those goals, and targets and timelines for achieving them. This report also considers the skills necessary to accomplish the roadmap goals, and what training opportunities are required to produce the cadre of skilled scientists and engineers needed.
Provides a modern and systematic approach to physical, inorganic and organic chemistry in a methodical style. The book is designed for the Leaving Certificate Chemistry course of the Irish educational system.
Fully updated and rewritten by a basic scientist who is also a practicing physician, the third edition of this popular textbook remains comprehensive, authoritative and readable. Taking a receptor-based, target-centered approach, it presents the concepts central to the study of drug action in a logical, mechanistic way grounded on molecular and principles. Students of pharmacy, chemistry and pharmacology, as well as researchers interested in a better understanding of drug design, will find this book an invaluable resource. Starting with an overview of basic principles, Medicinal Chemistry examines the properties of drug molecules, the characteristics of drug receptors, and the nature of drug-receptor interactions. Then it systematically examines the various families of receptors involved in human disease and drug design. The first three classes of receptors are related to endogenous molecules: neurotransmitters, hormones and immunomodulators. Next, receptors associated with cellular organelles (mitochondria, cell nucleus), endogenous macromolecules (membrane proteins, cytoplasmic enzymes) and pathogens (viruses, bacteria) are examined. Through this evaluation of receptors, all the main types of human disease and all major categories of drugs are considered. There have been many changes in the third edition, including a new chapter on the immune system. Because of their increasingly prominent role in drug discovery, molecular modeling techniques, high throughput screening, neuropharmacology and genetics/genomics are given much more attention. The chapter on hormonal therapies has been thoroughly updated and re-organized. Emerging enzyme targets in drug design (e.g. kinases, caspases) are discussed, and recent information on voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels has been incorporated. The sections on antihypertensive, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiarrhythmic, and anticancer drugs, as well as treatments for hyperlipidemia and peptic ulcer, have been substantially expanded. One new feature will enhance the book's appeal to all readers: clinical-molecular interface sections that facilitate understanding of the treatment of human disease at a molecular level.
The psychology classic—a detailed study of scientific theories of human nature and the possible ways in which human behavior can be predicted and controlled—from one of the most influential behaviorists of the twentieth century and the author of Walden Two. “This is an important book, exceptionally well written, and logically consistent with the basic premise of the unitary nature of science. Many students of society and culture would take violent issue with most of the things that Skinner has to say, but even those who disagree most will find this a stimulating book.” —Samuel M. Strong, The American Journal of Sociology “This is a remarkable book—remarkable in that it presents a strong, consistent, and all but exhaustive case for a natural science of human behavior…It ought to be…valuable for those whose preferences lie with, as well as those whose preferences stand against, a behavioristic approach to human activity.” —Harry Prosch, Ethics
Recent advances in machine learning or artificial intelligence for vision and natural language processing that have enabled the development of new technologies such as personal assistants or self-driving cars have brought machine learning and artificial intelligence to the forefront of popular culture. The accumulation of these algorithmic advances along with the increasing availability of large data sets and readily available high performance computing has played an important role in bringing machine learning applications to such a wide range of disciplines. Given the emphasis in the chemical sciences on the relationship between structure and function, whether in biochemistry or in materials chemistry, adoption of machine learning by chemistsderivations where they are important
This book focuses on the drug discovery and development applications of transition metal catalyzed processes, which can efficiently create preclinical and clinical drug candidates as well as marketed drugs. The authors pay particular attention to the challenges of transitioning academically-developed reactions into scalable industrial processes. Additionally, the book lays the groundwork for how continued development of transition metal catalyzed processes can deliver new drug candidates. This work provides a unique perspective on the applications of transition metal catalysis in drug discovery and development – it is a guide, a historical prospective, a practical compendium, and a source of future direction for the field.