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Band 2.
This volume studies the initial linkage with America, the establishment of primary centres and plantations, the beginnings of colonial settlement and the forced African population component. Attention is also given to the historical course of autochtonous societies, houses, cities, fortresses and civil works, and to the intellectual, artistic and ideological culture. The volume includes maps and an extensive list of sources.
Palace intrigues and clientelism drove politics at the viceregal court of colonial Mexico. By carefully reconstructing social networks in the court of Viceroy Duke of Alburquerque (1702-1710), Christoph Rosenm ller reveals that the Duke presided over one of the most corrupt viceregal terms in Mexican history. Alburquerque was appointed by Spain's King Philip V at a time when expanding state power was beginning to meet with opposition in colonial Mexico. The Duke and his retainers, though seemingly working for the crown, actually built close alliances with locals to thwart the reform efforts emanating from Spain. Alburquerque collaborated with contraband traders and opposed the secularization of Indian parishes. He persecuted several local craftsmen and merchants, some of whom died after languishing in jail, accusing them of treason to bolster his own credentials as a loyal official. In the end, however, the dominant clique at the royal court in Madrid sought revenge. Alburquerque was forced to pay an unheard-of indemnity of 700,000 silver pesos to regain the king's favour. Dealing with a topic and period largely ignored by historiography, Rosenm ller exposes the vast patronage power of the viceroy at the historical watershed between the expiring Habsburg dynasty and the incoming Bourbon rulers. His analysis reveals that precursors of the Bourbon reforms and the struggle for Mexican independence were already at play in the early eighteenth century.
Volume 2 of the General History of the Caribbeancovers the evolution of Caribbean societies between 1492 and 1650 through the intrusion of Europeans and Africans. This volume examines the early mining and planting in Espaniola, privateers and contraband traders, plantation societies, extinction of indigenous populations, and the beginning of the slave trade.
This book presents the work and thought of Bartolome de Las Casas, taking into account his hunger and thirst for justice for the peoples of the New World, discovered and dominated by the Spanish. Las Casas defends the right of Amerindian peoples to live in freedom, to resist Spanish rule, to respect and preserve their own cultures, to respect their religiosity and to preserve after conversion the elements compatible with Christianity, to reject a Christianity preached in the shadow of arms. The defence of these rights and of the unity and equality of the human family makes Bartholomew de las Casas a "forerunner" both of the Second Vatican Council and of the post-colonial and globalized world of our time. Bartolome de Las Casas has become an important figure in the history of the church and of humanity and in the history of literature and of art. Las Casas, who called himself 'a Christian, a religious, a bishop, a Spaniard' (Las Casas, In Defense, 21), - note the sequence is above all else, however, a 'prophet' in the biblical sense of the word: one called by God who persistently-conveniently as well as inconveniently-reminds his contemporaries of the demands of the word of God in the face of the injustice which causes the suffering and misery of one's neighbor. Many such witnesses have been officially recognized and canonized by the church. Others, though, have been covered with the cloak of slander to this day; they are still waiting for us to muster the courage to pull off this cloak and to incorporate their irksome witness into the prophetic tradition of the Church.
Christianity in Latin America provides a complete overview of over 500 years of the history of Christianity in the ‘New World’. The inclusion of German research in this book is an important asset to the Anglo-American research area, in disclosing information that was hitherto not available in English. This work will present the reader with a very good survey into the history of Christianity on the South American continent, based on a tremendous breadth of literature.
English summary: The essays in this collected volume deal with the phenomenon of military mobilisation by civilians outside regular armies. The objects of study are militias, civil defense groups and nationalist or working class 'combat groups' that in conventional military or political history are usually represented as less effective and provisional than professional or conscripted armies. In contrast, the thesis of this book starts from the assumption that a comparative analysis of these irregular mobilisations can reveal new perspectives about the respective societies since the establishment of a militia or free corps (as opposed to regular or professional armies) was based less on standard procedures or constituencies than on actual power constellations, collective ideas of political order, and political culture. In this volume, 15 German and two English essays present a basis for such a comparative analysis of 'informal militia groups' in Europe from the Renaissance to the present day. German description: Die Beitrage dieses Sammelbands behandeln das Phanomen der militarischen Mobilisierung von Zivilisten ausserhalb regularer Armeen. Zum Untersuchungsgegenstand werden damit all jene Milizen, Burgerwehren und nationalistischen oder auch proletarischen Kampfgruppen, die in der konventionellen Militar- und Politikgeschichte im Schatten der Berufs- und Wehrpflichtarmeen standen und die als wenig geschichtswirksame Provisorien dargestellt wurden. Demgegenuber geht dieser Band von der These aus, dass gerade eine vergleichende Analyse dieser irregularen Mobilisierungen neue Perspektiven auf die jeweilige Gesellschaft eroffnen kann, war doch die Aufstellung einer Miliz oder eines Freikorps weniger stark durch normierte Verfahren als durch situative Herrschaftskonstellationen, kollektive Ordnungsvorstellungen und die politische Kultur getragen. Fur eine solche vergleichende Analyse der Mobilisierung von Nicht-Militars in Europa zwischen Renaissance und Gegenwart legen die vorliegenden 15 deutschen und zwei englischen Beitrage erstmals eine Grundlage.
The book shows how the tribute-paying population in Peru and New Spain negotiated their categorization throughout the colonial period. It explains the fiscal legislation and its application from above as well as how it was shaped from below.
The Andes are attracting global interest again: they hold valuable mineral resources, tourists appreciate their great natural beauty and the diversity of indigenous cultures, climbers scale rock and ice faces, while many others are intrigued by regional political developments, such as the Bolivarian revolution in Venezuela or the almost unfettered hegemony of the neoliberal economic model in Chile. This volume is the first attempt for decades to present a complete overview of the longest mountain chain on the planet – a region of remarkable climatic, floristic and geologic diversity, where advanced civilization developed well before the arrival of the Spanish. Today the Andes continue to be characterized by their ethnic, demographic, cultural and economic diversity, as well as by the disparity of local socioeconomic groups. The Andean countries pursue a wide range of approaches to tackle the challenges of making the best use of their natural and cultural potential without damaging their ecological basis, as well as to overcome economic disparity and foster social cohesion. This book provides insights into this unique region and its most pressing issues, complemented by a wealth of pictures and comprehensive diagrams, which, in sum, help to better understand these fascinating mountains.